1. Slide 1 Figure 17-1 Page 411 CHAPTER 17: SUSTAINING BIODIVERSITY: THE ECOSYSTEM APPROACH

2. Slide 2 Figure 17-3 Page 412 Human Population Size and resource use Human Activities Agriculture, industry, economic Production and consumption, recreation Direct Effects Degradation and destruction of natural ecosystems Changes in number and distribution of species Alteration of natural chemical cycles and energy flows Pollution of air, water, and soil Indirect Effects Climate changeLoss of biodiversity MANY PROMINENT SCIENTISTS BELIEVE THAT THE LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY DUE TO HUMAN GLOBAL DOMINANCE IS THE MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM TODAY

3. Slide 3 Projected Status of Biodiversity 1998–2018 Critical and endangeredThreatenedStable or intact ANTARCTICA NORTH AMERICA EUROPE AFRICA ASIA SOUTH AMERICA AUSTRALIA Pacific Ocean Antarctic Circle Pacific Ocean Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Indian Ocean Atlantic Ocean 150°90°60°E0°30°W90°120°150°0° 60° 30°N 30°S 60° Arctic Circle Figure 17-4 Page 413

4. Slide 4 Figure 17-5 Page 414 The Species ApproachThe Ecosystem Approach Goal Protect species from premature extinction Protect populations of species in their natural habitats StrategiesStrategy Identify endangered species Protect their critical habitats Preserve sufficient areas of habitats in different biomes and aquatic systems Tactics Legally protect endangered species Manage habitat Propagate endangered species in captivity Reintroduce species into suitable habitats Protect habitat areas through private purchase or government action Eliminate or reduce populations of nonnative species from protected areas Manage protected areas to sustain native species Restore degraded ecosystems THE ECOSYSTEM APPROACH IS CHEAPER AND MORE EFFECTIVE; THE SPECIES APPROACH DRAWS MORE SENTIMENT AND MEDIA ATTENTION; SOME SPECIES SUCH AS WOLVES CONTRIBUT AT BOTH LEVELS AS KEYSTONE SPECIES

5. Slide 5 U.S. Land Use Forest 30% Parks, wildlife refuge, wilderness 9% Desert, tundra, wetlands 13% Urban 2% Cropland 17% Rangeland and pasture 29% Figure 17-7 (1) Page 415

6. Slide 6 U.S. Land Ownership Federal 35% Private 55% Native American 3% State and local 7% Figure 17-7 (2) Page 415

7. Slide 7 National parks and preservesNational forests(and Xs) National wildlife refuges Figure 17-9 (1) Page 416 TEDDY ROOSEVELT AND CARTER HAVE SET ASIDE THE MOST LAND FOR FEDERAL PROTECTION, CARTER IN ALASKA

8. Slide 8 National parks and preservesNational forests(and Xs) National wildlife refuges Figure 17-9 (2) Page 416 U.S., COSTA RICA AND CANADA HAVE MORE LAND PRESERVED THAN REST OF THE WORLD

9. Slide 9 Figure 17-10 Page 419 Forests Ecological Services Support energy flow and chemical cycling Reduce soil erosion Absorb and release water Purify water Purify air Influence local and regional climate Store atmospheric carbon Provide numerous wildlife habitats Economic Services Fuelwood Lumber Pulp to make paper Mining Livestock grazing Recreation Jobs

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12. Slide 12 Virgin forest Highway Figure 17-14 (1) Page 421 FOLLOWING SLIDES DEAL WITH TYPES OF FORESTRY

13. Slide 13 Highway Cleared plots for grazing Cleared plots for agriculture Figure 17-14 (2) Page 421

14. Slide 14 Selective Cutting Figure 17-15 (1) Page 422 CUT SELECTIVE AGE GROUP IN UNEVEN AGED STAND

15. Slide 15 Shelterwood Cutting Cut 1 Cut 2 Figure 17-15 (2) Page 422 REMOVES ALL LARGE TREES IN 2-3 CUTTINGS

16. Slide 16 Seed-Tree Cutting Figure 17-15 (3) Page 422 HARVEST MOST TREES EXCEPT FOR FEW TO BE USED AS SEED SOURCE TO REESTABLISH FOREST

17. Slide 17 Clear-Cutting MAJOR PROBLEMS ARE SOIL COMPACTION, EROSION, SLOPE FAILURES, SLASH BURNS, FLOODS AND ROADS

18. Slide 18 Strip Cutting –CUT STRIPS ALONG CONTOURS AND THEN ALLOW FOR REGENERATION BEFORE CURRING NEXT STRIP. IN SOME WAYS MIMICS NATURAL PROCESSES (WIND THROWS) AND LOWERS EROSION Uncut Cut Uncut 6–10 years ago 3–5 years ago 1 year ago Figure 17-15 (5) Page 422

19. Slide 19 Figure 17-17 Page 425 Grow more timber on long rotations Rely more on selective cutting and strip cutting No clear-cutting, seed-tree, or shelterwood cutting on steeply sloped land No fragmentation of remaining large blocks of forest Sharply reduce road building into uncut forest areas Leave most standing dead trees and fallen timber for wildlife habitat and nutrient recycling Certify timber grown by sustainable methods Include ecological services of trees and forests in estimating economic value Solutions: ways to manage forests more sustainably.

20. Slide 20 Surface fire Figure 17-18 (1) Page 426

21. Slide 21 Crown fire Figure 17-18 (2) Page 426

22. Slide 22 Figure 17-19 Page 429 Logging in US National Forests AdvantagesDisadvantages Helps meet country’s timber needs Cut areas grow back Keeps lumber and paper prices down Provides jobs in nearby communities Promotes economic growth in nearby communities Provides only 3% of timber needs Ample private forest land to meet timber needs Has little effect on timber and paper prices Damages nearby rivers and fisheries Recreation in national forests provides more local jobs and income for local communities than logging Decreases recreational opportunities

23. Slide 23 Pacific yew Taxus brevifolia, Pacific Northwest Ovarian cancer PLANTS FROM RAINFORESTS HAVE A VARIETY OF USES OTHER THAN JUST LUMBER

24. Slide 24 Figure 17-24 Page 436 Nicaragua Costa Rica Pacific Ocean Panama Caribbean Sea Peninsula Osa Pacifico Central Cordillera Volcanica Central Bajo Tempisque Arenal Guanacaste Llanuras de Tortuguero La Amistad COSTA RICA HAS CREATED 8 MEGARESERVES

25. Slide 25 Biosphere Reserve Core area Buffer zone 1 Buffer zone 2 Figure 17-25 Page 437 Human settlements Tourism and education center Research station OUR PARKS NEED BUFFER ZONES THAT ENCOURAGE ECOTOURISM

26. Slide 26 Polynesia and Micronesia island complex Mediterranean basin Caribbean Western Ghats and Sri Lanka Philippines Wallacea New Caledonia Tropical Andes Central Chile Brazillian Cerrado Caucasus Eastern Arc Mountains and coastal forests of Kenya and Tanzania Cape Floristic region of South Africa Succulent Karoo Madagascar/ Indian Ocean islands Southwest Australia New Zealand Polynesia and Micronesia island complex Indo- Burma Mountains of south central China Guinean forests of West Africa Brazil's Atlantic forests Sundaland Choco/Darien/ western Ecuador California Floristic Province Meso- american forests Figure 17-27 Page 439 AREAS WITH LARGE NUMBER OF ENDEMIC SPECIES AND HIGH BIODIVERSITY

27. Slide 27 END OF CHAPTER 17