1. sucrose or sugar plastics oil or petroleum industry Biochemistry or human chemistry

2. Organic compounds are covalent compounds of carbon 1. Carbon forms the backbone of many compounds in living things, petroleum products and more & more synthetics animals ______________________________ plants ________________________________ synthetic _____________________________ Pure carbon : exists as graphite, diamond, & coal Each differs in their molecular structures and properties sugars, amino acids, carbs, lipids “ chlorophyll, cellulose nylon, polyester, plastics Petroleum, a whole industry takes crude oil (formed from dead plants & animals) and changes it into usable products.

3. 1.Carbon has _____ valence electrons from family ____ on the Periodic Table. 2.Therefore carbon forms _____ bonds and if all single, the shape of the molecule is a ________________ 3.Carbon also may form double or triple bonds with itself. CC Physical properties of most organic compounds: 1.All nonmetals (C,N,O,H), therefore the bonds are strong _________ which form molecules (not crystals) called __________________ 2. Melting & boiling points are ___________ due to weak intermolecular forces Trend: the longer the chain, the ______________ the melting / boiling pts. CH 4 _____ C 3 H 8 _____ C 8 H 18 _____ C 20 H 22 _____ C 40 H 42______ methane propane octane paraffin wax road tar or asphalt 414 tetrahedron 4 covalent low higher gasliquid solid (natural gas)(gas grill)(gasoline) molecular substances

4. 3. Reaction rates are __________ (except burning) breaking bonds 4. Symmetrical structures therefore they are _____________except the organic acids and alcohols. 5. Therefore, they are ______________ in water (polar) (“like dissolves like”) 6. Nonelectrolytes: ____________________________________________ Three types of formulas using butane as an example molecularstructural condensed structural C 4 H 10 – C – C – C – C – H H HH CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 Sometimes the H’s are just a line and understood to be there. slow nonpolar insoluble Solutions do not conduct electricity (no ionizing) except organic acids & alcohols which are polar – C – C – C – C – (strong covalent)

5. HYDROCARBONS 1.Compounds composed of just ____________ & ____________ 2.Saturated (unlike solutions, where no more will dissolve) all single bonds! 3.3 families 1) ______________ 2) ______________ 3) _____________ 4.Each forms a homologous series, the alkanes etc. There are groups of compounds with related structures & properties. Differ by a CH 2 group ALKANES ALKENES ALKYNES Fractional distillation- separation by different boiling points carbonhydrogen alkanesalkenesalkynes CH 4 C n H 2n+2 C n H 2n C n H 2n-2 C 2 H 6 C 2 H 4 C 5 H 10 C 3 H 4 C 2 H 2 no methene ! – C – C – ethane methane – C – – C = C – – C – C = C – C – C – – C – C = C – – C = C – ethene2 pentene ethyne propyneno methyne ! All single bonds 1 double bond 1 triple bond

6. ISOMERS _________________________________________ More than 4 carbons, isomers can occur. The longer the chain, the more isomers. Example: molecular formula C 4 H 10 can be drawn and named differently. Also C 4 H 8 Naming compounds: Count the longest chain of carbons, apply prefix. Number the carbons starting at the end closest to a branch or double or triple bond Apply the carbon number and indicate the branch before the chain Many chains?, use the prefixes di or tri for dimethyl or triethyl -C – C – C – C – C – C -C- -C – C- 2 methyl, 4 ethyl hexane C – C – C – C C – C – C C C = C – C – C C – C = C – C butane & methyl propane 1 butene and 2 butene Same formula, different structural formula, so a different name IUPAC – (the names we’re learning)

7. Use Reference table!!! Halides: Alcohols: Ethers: Aldehydes: halogens (F, Cl, Br, I) on the chain Cl – C – C – C – 2 chloro propane hydroxyl group on the chain – C – C – C – C OH 2 butanol O H - CHO ending butanal “-al” “- ol” oxygen bridge alkyl groups + “ether” – C – C – Odiethyl ether Organic solvents in pesticides Nonelectrolytes, polar, neutral pH Ethylene glycol “antifreeze”, glycerol (moistening agent in make up) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ether#Important_ethers Ex. formaldehyde

8. Organic acids Esters: Amines: Amides -COOH ending – C – C O OH “-oic acid” ethanoic acid 2 oxygens in the middle alkyl groups + “oate” on longest – C – C – C – O – C – C – ethyl propanoate O -NH 2 ending – C – C – C – C – C – NH 2 1 pentanamine “amide ” “amine” butanamide – C – C – C – C NH 2 O Solvents, polar, dissolve, acetone Electrolytes, ethanoic acid (vinegar) Fragrances and flavorings like pineapple, banana, wintergreen, orange B-vitamins, hormones, anesthetics, dyes Form proteins

9. 1. Oxidation: 2. Substitution: 3. Addition: 4. Fermentation: burning fuels to make energy alkanes only, kick out a H alkenes or alkynes, add at the double or triple bond makes alcohol CH 4 + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O (+ energy) methane + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water CH 4 + Cl 2  CH 3 Cl + HCl – C = C – C 2 H 4 + Cl 2  C 2 H 4 Cl 2 C 6 H 12 O 6  C 2 H 5 OH + CO 2 sugar  ethanol + carbon dioxide zymase an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction

10. 5. Polymerization: Addition Condensation 6. Esterification: 7. Saponification: 8. Dehydration of alcohols: links small C units called monomers into long chains n C 2 H 4  (– C 2 H 4 ) n usually a very large # removes water to make a long chain makes soap makes ethers acid + alcohol makes esters (sweet smelling substances) C 2 H 5 OH + C 2 H 5 OH + ….  (– C 2 H 5 O – ) n + H 2 O Alcohols  polymer + water CH 3 COOH + CH 3 OH  CH 3 COOCH 3 + H 2 O ethanoic acid + methanol  methyl ethanoate + water fat + NaOH  soap + glycerol ( a trihydroxy alcohol) remove H 2 OCH 3 OH + CH 3 OH  CH 3 OCH 3 + H 2 O alcohols  dimethyl ether + water n = polymers lye (strong base) (ester)