2. Functions Enzymes – organic catalysts Structural – skin, hair, muscle Antibodies Hormones

3. Amino Acids

4. Amino Acid Structure Central carbon Amino group Carboxyl group Functional group

5. Different Amino Acids

6. Formation of Peptide Bonds

7. Lactase

8. Anti-freeze protein

9. Peptide bonds Water is formed when two amino acids are joined Known as a peptide bond Proteins are also known as peptides

10. Protein Structure Extremely important in determining the shape of the protein Shape determines function Four levels of structure

11. Primary (1°) structure Sequence of amino acids

12. Secondary (2°) Structure Local structure (Alpha) α-helices (Beta) ß-pleated sheets Random coil

13. Tertiary (3°) Structure Protein Folding Controlled by cysteine bridges/disulfide bonds

14. Quarternary (4°) Structure Assembly of subunits

15. Antibody

16. Insulin

17. Sodium-Potassium Pump

18. Glucose Pump

19. Actin