1. Radiography

2. What are some ways we can see inside of something?

3. X-Ray Imaging  Electromagnetic radiation between Ultraviolet and Gamma rays  Produced by accelerated electrons colliding with tungsten anode and projected at body part  Calcium in bones and added contrasts of barium or iodine absorb x-rays  Image receptor digital films reads black where x-rays penetrated through body  Electromagnetic radiation between Ultraviolet and Gamma rays  Produced by accelerated electrons colliding with tungsten anode and projected at body part  Calcium in bones and added contrasts of barium or iodine absorb x-rays  Image receptor digital films reads black where x-rays penetrated through body

4. MRI  Machine creates a magnetic field that aligns the magnetization of some atoms in the body and radio frequency fields further alter the alignment. Nuclei produce rotation magnetic field, which is detected by the scanner  Primarily used to examine soft tissue in body, brain, muscles, heart and cancers  No ionizing radiation

5. Ultrasound  Cyclic sound pressure with frequency greater than 20,000 hertz  Transducer sends and receives sound signals in medium  Used by bats for hunting  Cyclic sound pressure with frequency greater than 20,000 hertz  Transducer sends and receives sound signals in medium  Used by bats for hunting  Medical sonography used for soft tissue diagnosis, fetuses, interventional procedures

6. CT Scan  X-ray Computed Tomography (CT)  Tomography-means imaging by sections from penetrating wave  X-ray source rotates helically about patient or specimen to create 3D image from sectioning  Useful for preventative medicine  X-ray Computed Tomography (CT)  Tomography-means imaging by sections from penetrating wave  X-ray source rotates helically about patient or specimen to create 3D image from sectioning  Useful for preventative medicine

7. PET Scan  Positron Emission Tomography  Positron - antielectron (positive electron)  System uses a tracer (positron- emitting radionuclide) to detect gamma rays emitted by the collision of these positrons with electrons  Fludeoxyglucose (sugar) is commonly used as tracer  Positron Emission Tomography  Positron - antielectron (positive electron)  System uses a tracer (positron- emitting radionuclide) to detect gamma rays emitted by the collision of these positrons with electrons  Fludeoxyglucose (sugar) is commonly used as tracer

8. Attenuate  Means to reduce or weaken  The higher the attenuation coefficient the greater the ability of the material to reduce or weaken the radiation beam  This can be done by scattering, absorption  What attenuates x-rays during medical procedures?

9. (0.025 eV)

10. Compare Different Materials  Cadmium ( Cd )  Lead ( Pb )  Plastic ( (CH 3 ) n )

11. Which will block the radiation? MaterialX-raysNeutrons Cadmium ( Cd ) Lead ( Pb ) Polyethylene ( (CH 3 ) n ) No Yes

12. neutrons Gamma rays (photons) Scintillation material (GdO 2 S)converts neutrons into gamma rays through neutron capture reactions Photocathode coverts photons to electrons through photoelectric effect electrons Video output Reactor Phosphorescent screen (similar to the one in your TV) converts electrons to visible light. Neutron Imaging System Neutron Imaging System “3.5 hours slide” courtesy of Danielle Hauck.5/17/2004- rev. 9/29/04 CCD D 2 O Tank

13. CODE Box Student Project to Demonstrate X-Ray/Neutron Radiography Was originally in cardboard shoe box, but was replaced by more durable aluminum.

14. C O D E Cadmium Lead

15. X-Ray Image

16. C O P S U D E Cadmium Lead Plastic

17. Neutron Radiograph

18. Lion’s Paw neutron video

19. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Imaging Fuel Cell research conducted at RSEC

20. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Imaging Water Calibration Wedge

21. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Imaging

22. Figure it out  Look at the next slide and see if you can figure out what will show up on x-rays

23. Cad Lead Plastic

24. X-Ray

25. Figure it out neutrons  Look at the picture again and figure out what you will see with neutrons.

26. Neutron Radiograph

27. Cad Lead Plastic

28. X-Ray

29. Neutron Radiograph

30. Cadmium Lead Plastic

31. X-Ray

32. Neutron Radiograph

33. Cad Lead Plastic

34. X-Ray

35. Neutron Radiograph

36. WSHI design project  Design a project using cadmium, lead and plastic that will look different with x-rays and neutrons  Table shows what material blocks the radiation  Design a project using cadmium, lead and plastic that will look different with x-rays and neutrons  Table shows what material blocks the radiation MaterialX-raysNeutrons CadmiumYes LeadYesNo PlasticNoYes

37. Resources  Images courtesy of WikiMedia Commons and Breazeale Nuclear Reactor  Hubbell, J. H. "NIST: X-Ray Mass Attenuation Coefficients." National Institute of Standards and Technology. Web. 17 Sept. 2011..  Whaites, Eric; Roderick Cawson (2002). Essentials of Dental Radiography and Radiology. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. ﾊ 15 ﾐ 20. ISBN ﾊ 044307027X.Essentials of Dental Radiography and Radiology ISBN 044307027X  Special Thanks to: Joanna Kinney and Jeremiah Lynch for preparing this presentation at Penn State University, Radiation Science & Engineering Center  Images courtesy of WikiMedia Commons and Breazeale Nuclear Reactor  Hubbell, J. H. "NIST: X-Ray Mass Attenuation Coefficients." National Institute of Standards and Technology. Web. 17 Sept. 2011..  Whaites, Eric; Roderick Cawson (2002). Essentials of Dental Radiography and Radiology. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. ﾊ 15 ﾐ 20. ISBN ﾊ 044307027X.Essentials of Dental Radiography and Radiology ISBN 044307027X  Special Thanks to: Joanna Kinney and Jeremiah Lynch for preparing this presentation at Penn State University, Radiation Science & Engineering Center