1. Revision for Clinical Biochemistry Lab
T.A. Bahiya Osrah
Any further questions please contact me at the

2. (Lab 2) Aminotransferase (AST)
The patient sex is important here
Normal Range in the kit :
Women UP TO 37 U/L
Men UP TO 31 U/L
1. The test value above the normal range:
Abnormal value
Possible disorders are:
Muscle damage or myocardial infarction (heart attack)
To confirm that high AST is due to heart or muscle injury; (creatinine kinase CK)
liver disease. (ALT test should be done here since ALT is more specific for Liver Disease)
2. No abnormal value here below the normal range (NO decrease case)
3. Within the range : NORMAL value

3. (Lab 3) Bilirubin
I the Kit here we are measuring the Blank !! DON’T adjust zero against the blank
(against D.water)
The patient sex is not important here
Normal Range in the kit :
Direct UP TO 0.5 mg/dl
Total UP TO 1 mg/dl
1. The test value above the normal range:
Abnormal value
Possible disorders are:
ID= T – D ,,,Then say
If ID>> D
Two Possibilities:
1- it is pre-hepatic jaundice due to increase in RBCs breakdown due to hemolytic anemia. We need to send the sample to the hematology lab and for CBC
2- If all high and and ID>> D it is hepatic jaundice (liver disease) we need to do ALT and AST tests
Direct >> ID then it is Post-Hepatic jaundice due to the obstruction of hepatobiliary duct and the conformational test is ALP.
2. No abnormal value here below the normal range (NO decrease case)
3. Within the range : NORMAL value

4. (Lab 4) Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
The patient sex is not important here
Serum Normal Range in the kit :
Urea nitrogen 5-23 mg/dl
Urea mg/dl
1. The test value above the normal range:
Abnormal value
High blood urea can indicates:
Renal insufficiency due to obstruction or cancer.
Blockage of the urinary tract (by a kidney stone or tumor).
Low blood flow to the kidneys caused by dehydration or heart failure.
Some medicines.
High-protein diet.
2. Low blood urea may be due to:
Very low protein diet as in malnutrition.
Severe liver damage inhibits urea cycle, decrease urea formation and increase free ammonia leads to hepatic comma.
3. Within the range : NORMAL value

5. (Lab 5) Creatinine and Creatinine Clearance
The patient sex is important here
Serum Normal Range in the kit :
Men mg/dl ( 62-97) µmol/L
Women mg/dl ( ) µmol/L
1. The test value above the normal range:
Abnormal value of creatinine which indicate
a kidney disorder
To identify the stage we need GFR test
If GFR below 60 ml/min for three months the patient has chronic kidney disease CKD.
If GFR is less than 10 ml/min. this stage is called end-stage kidney disease or end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
2. The test value is below the normal range:
Creatinine level is below the normal range ( it is acceptable with normal GFR test and it was in the normal range ml/min
3. Within the range : NORMAL value
Cockcroft-Gault formula
GFR ml/min =(140-age) x weight x constant
Serum Creatinine
If serum creatinine is measured in µmol/l:
Constant = 1.23 for men,
constant = 1.04 for women
I the Kit here we are measuring the Blank !! DON’T adjust zero against the blank
(against D.water)

6. (Lab 6) Triglyceride (TG):
The patient sex is important here
Serum Normal Range in the kit :
Men mg/dl or mmol/l
Women mg/dl or mmol/l
Hypertriglyceridemia if it is more than 150 mg/dl or more than 1.7 mmol/l
1. The test value above the normal range:
Abnormal value
High Triglycerides (Hypertriglyceridemia):
Obesity
Kidney disease
Very high TG level is a risk of developing pancreatitis (inflammation of pancreas)
low Triglycerides (Hypotriglyceridemia):
Very low carbohydrate, low-fat diets
Inherited conditions
Fat metabolism disorders
Liver or thyroid diseases
Medication
3. Within the range : NORMAL value

7. (Lab 7) Glucose Tests The patient sex is not important here
Serum Normal Range in the kit :
Fasting mg/dl or mmol/l
1. The test value above the normal range:
Abnormal value
High blood Glucose (hyperglycemia):
It may due to
Diabetes-mellitus ( C-peptide (to identify the DM type + random blood sugar +  Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) )
Pancreatitis (do not produce insulin)
Thyroid dysfunction
Renal or liver diseases
2. Low blood glucose
may be due to:
Insulinoma (pancrease tumor to realease too much insulin)
3. Within the range : NORMAL value