1. The Beginning of the Cold War “See it-Say its 1 to 6” World History Unit 8

2. ESSENTIAL QUESTION How did the addition of nuclear weapons change the relationship between The United States and Soviet Union?

3. 1. Manhattan Project WWII, Germans spend a lot on weapon research. In 1942, the USA sets up the Manhattan Project. “Manhattan Project” was the code name for the creation of an atom bomb. $2 billion was spent and 600,000 people were employed. The “Gadget” – before the trinity test.

4. Manhattan Project B-29 bomber Enola Gay dropped the bomb on Hiroshima. 5 square miles were destroyed. Out of the 350,000 inhabitants, 190,000 die. A 2nd bomb was dropped on Nagasaki on August 9th before Japan would surrender. Cloud over Nagasaki.

5. 2. The Truman Doctrine The superpowers competed over control of European states. A civil war in Greece between communist and anti- communist. Great Britain pulled funding due to economic problems at home. Truman does not want to see the Soviet Union expand into the eastern Mediterranean. President Harry S. Truman

6. The Truman Doctrine Early 1947, Truman announces aid to any country threatened by Communism. Communists must be stopped in Greece. If not, the US would have to face communism throughout the free world.

7. 3. The Marshall Plan Followed the Truman Doctrine. The Marshall Plan was meant to restore stability of war-torn Europe. It included $13 billion to rebuild Europe. Countries that were economically well off were less likely to become Communist states. General George C. Marshall

8. 4. Containment George Kennan, a U.S. Diplomat, argued for a policy of containment. Keep communism within its existing boundaries and prevent further Soviet aggressive moves. Containment became U.S. policy.

9. 5. COMECON (The Molotov Plan) System created by the Soviet Union in 1947 in order to provide aid to rebuild the countries in Eastern Europe The USSR's version of the Marshall Plan Later became the COMECON (largely fails)

10. Map of Molotov Plan Member States SOVIET UNION POLAND CZECHOSLOVAKIA EAST GERMANY HUNGARY BULGARIA ROMANIA

11. 6. NATO & The Warsaw Pact North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed in April 1949. The United States and Canada got democratic West European countries to sign a defensive treaty. An attack on one is an attack on all. Modern day meeting of NATO.

12. NATO & The Warsaw Pact The Soviets formed their own military alliance by creating the Warsaw Pact. The Soviet Union joined with Eastern European countries to a formal military alliance. Europe is again divided by two hostile camps. Warsaw Pact Countries

13. 7. Iron Curtain Yalta Conference in Southern Russia in February of 1945. –Free elections for Poland. –Argue over free elections for the rest of Europe. The Big Three – Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill.

14. Iron Curtain Potsdam Conference in Germany in July of 1945. Truman demands free elections for Europe. Stalin says no, military security is more important. Potsdam Conference – Churchill, Truman and Stalin

15. Iron Curtain “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of central and eastern Europe…all these…populations around them lie in the Soviet sphere and all are subject…to control from Moscow. March 1946, Winston Churchill gave a speech in Missouri:

18. 8. Satellite state A nations that is economically and militarily dependent on another nation. Normally applied to when a super power controls a smaller nation. Used when referring to Eastern European countries.

19. 9. Berlin Wall Allies divided Germany into four zones. Berlin, set deep into the Soviet zone, was also divided into four zones. February 1948, Great Britain, France and the USA plan to unify their sectors. West Germany is created.

20. Berlin Wall People fled Eastern Europe in record numbers. August 1961, a wall was constructed by the communists. Barbed wire, floodlights, machine- gun towers, mine- fields, and dog patrols. Building the wall – 1961

22. From right to left: 1 - East Berlin 7 - Lighting system 2 - Border area8 - Column track 3 - Backland Wall9 - Control track 4 - Signal fence10 - Anti-vehicle trenches 5 - Different kind of barriers11 - Last Wall, known as the "Wall" 6 - Watch towers12 - Border 13 - West Berlin

23. On 15 August 1961 Conrad Schumann found himself, aged 19, guarding the Berlin Wall, then in its third day of construction

27. A field of 1,065 crosses represents all victims of the East German border system 1962 East German soldiers with a body of a man who was shot trying to cross the wall

28. 10. Deterrence U.S. became a nuclear power in 1945. Soviets follow in 1949. Hydrogen bomb is developed in the 1950s. ICBMs are also developed in the 1950s. A mere 300 nukes could eliminate 25% of the population of all NATO countries.

29. Deterrence A policy of deterrence emerged. The belief that since both sides had nuclear weapons no one would use them Known as Mutually Assured Destruction or MAD. 1957, Soviets launched Sputnik I into orbit around Earth. 368 high yield warheads would eliminate 25% of the population of China or 320 million people.

30. Sputnik I