2. The Cold War 1945- 1991

4. Social Political Economic

5. What happened at Yalta? Yalta was a wartime allied conference. It dealt mainly with the settlement of post- war Europe. -At Yalta: Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin Agreed to divide Germany into zones Germany would have to pay the Soviet Union for losses Stalin would fight Japan Eastern Europeans would have free elections when liberated

6. YALTA (in the USSR) Date: Feb 1945 Present: Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin

7. POTSDAM (Germany) Date: July 1945 Present: Churchill, Truman and Stalin

8. What happened at Potsdam? Stalin, Truman, Churchill/Atlee Demilitarize and Denazify Germany Prosecute War Crimminals Upheld agreements at Yalta Outlined the terms of surrender for Japan

9. Iron Curtain ? Winston Churchill speech

10. Truman had been horrified at the pre-war Allied policy of appeasement and was determined to stand up to any Soviet intimidation. The Truman Doctrine in March 1947 promised that the USA “would support free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures”. It signalled the end of “isolationst” policies.

11. How was the Marshall Plan a lose/lose for Stalin? The Marshall Plan reflected the strength of the US economy and offered huge sums to enable the war shattered economies of Europe to rebuild and, by generating prosperity, to reject the appeal of Communism, Czechoslovakia showed interest in receiving Marshall Aid but was blocked by Russia. The Soviet system was as much dependent upon creating a self-contained economic bloc as it was in maintaining a repressive political system.

12. Iron Curtain – A term used by Winston Churchill to describe the separating of Those communist lands of East Europe from the West.

13. Improve your knowledge The Russians took very high casualties to capture Berlin in May 1945. They spent the early occupation trying to take over all zones of the city but were stopped by German democrats such as Willy Brandt and Konrad Adenauer. Reluctantly the Russians had to admit the Americans, French and British to their respective zones.

14. Berlin Blockade France, Britain, and U.S. decide to unify their zones in Germany and create a new currency Stalin sees this as a threat and cuts off all access to Berlin (German capital city)

15. l Divided Berlin Divided Germany

16. 1948-1949 -Lasted 318 days -277,804 total flights -Blockade lifted in 1949 -One plane landed every three minutes Why is the Berlin Airlift considered a victory for the West?

17. West Berlin, as an outpost of Western democracy and economic success deep within the Communist zone, was both a nest of spies for both sides and a constant challenge to the Soviets. The Berlin Blockade was an attempt to starve the city into submission and the Allied airlift signalled the West’s determination to use all resources to defend Berlin. Thereafter, it was accepted by both sides that Berlin would act as the trigger for general war. Any Russian invasion would be followed by conflict with the considerable Allied forces camped permanently on the plain of West Germany. Both sides finding Europe too dangerous a site for confrontation, looked elsewhere to compete.

18. Effects of Berlin Blockade “When Berlin falls, Western Germany will be next. If we withdraw our position in Berlin, Europe is threatened... Communism will run rampant.” –US commander in Berlin, General Clay 1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is formed to “contain” communism 1955 Warsaw Pact created in order to compete with NATO

19. Germany Berlin Wall built (1961) l August 13, 1961—East German border guard escapes to the West

21. Focus on refugees from East Germany or East Berlin to West 1949-129,245 1951- 165,648 1953- 331,390 1955- 252,870 1957- 261,622 1959- 143,917 1961- 207,026 1962- 21,356 1963- 42,632 1964- 41,876 Total - 1,597,582 Total - 1,597,582

22. June 26, 1963— Kennedy visits the wall Relations normalized between the two Germanies (1972) l Brandenburg Gate! Germany

23. Check your understanding 1.How did the Truman Doctrine get the U.S. militarily and politically involved in foreign affairs? 2.How was the Marshall Plan a lose/lose for Stalin? 3.How did the Berlin Blockade impact the relations between the U.S. led west and the Russian led east? 4.Why was the Berlin Wall created and how was it used as propaganda against Khrushchev?