2. DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid “The Blueprint of Life” I. DNA Structure & Function

3. A. What is DNA? 1. Organic molecule 2. Nucleic acid

4. B.Where is it located ? 1. Nucleus 2. Makes up the Chromosomes DNA

5. Chromosomes in Nucleus

6. C. Structure of DNA 1. Nucleotides a. Phosphoric Acid b. Deoxyribose sugar c. Nitrogenous bases: Adenine-Thymine Guanine-Cytosine 2. Ladder Shape 3. Double strand, helix twist

7. NUCLEIC ACIDS are built from subunits called ____________________ Image by: Riedell NUCLEOTIDES SUGAR in DNA is ________________ deoxyribose

8. NITROGEN BASES in DNA _____________= A _____________ = G _____________ = C _____________= T ADENINE GUANINE CYTOSINE THYMINE

9. Ladder Shape (Sides & Rungs) Sides: Phosphoric Acid Sugar Phosphoric Acid Rungs: A-T T-A G-C C-G Sugar Acid Sugar Acid Sugar Acid Sugar  T-A   G-C   C-G   A-T  Sugar Acid Sugar Acid Sugar Acid Sugar

10. Watson & Crick’s Double helix:

11. D. What is DNA’s Function ? 1. Hereditary Instructions 2. Chemical code for every trait 3. “Blueprint” for making Proteins

12. Chromosome DNA Code: Genes = Segments of DNA Code for a trait Hair Color Eye Color

13. DNA Chromosome Code: Codons= Sets of 3 Nucleotides Code for Trait Acid Sugar-T-A-Sugar Acid Sugar-G-C-Sugar Acid Sugar-C-G-Sugar

14. DNA Chromosome Code: Like Morse Code: Hair = *** *- ** *-* Or DNA A-T A-T G-C C-G T-A C-G

15. DNA Replication Chromosomes double “S” part of Interphase Makes Identical copies 2N

16. E. Steps for DNA Replication: 1. DNA untwists 2. DNA unzips 3. Corresponding base pairs Line up In sets of 3 nucleotides “codons” or (triplets) 4. DNA reforms 5. 2 strands twist into helix Identical Strands

17. 16 These animations(Audi o - Important) describe DNA replication: DNA replication1, DNA replication 2. DNA replication1, DNA replication 2.

18. RNA Ribonucleic Acid “DNA messenger & taxi” II. RNA Structure & Function

19. A. What is RNA? 1. Organic Molecule 2. Nucleic Acid 3. mRNA= messenger tRNA= transfer

20. B. Where is RNA located? 1. mRNA in nucleus & cytoplasm 2. tRNA only in cytoplasm mRNA tRNA

21. B. What is RNA’s structure? Acid Sugar-Base Acid Sugar-Base Acid Sugar-Base Acid Sugar-Base 1. Nucleotides= a. Phosphoric Acid b. Ribose sugar c. Nitrogenous Bases: Adenine-Uracil Guanine-Cytocine 2. Single Strand 3. No Twisted helix

22. Comparison of RNA & DNA: Acid Sugar-Base Acid Sugar-Base Acid Sugar-Base Acid Sugar-Base Acid Sugar-Base-Sugar Acid Sugar-Base-Sugar Acid Sugar-Base-Sugar Acid RNA DNA Ladder Deoxy- ribose Ribose Uracil Thymine

23. D. What are RNA’s functions: 1. mRNA= Copies the DNA code Deliveries message to Ribosome Protein Factories

24. Why not send the original DNA code out? DNA might be damaged! mRNA components are reused To copy more messages Original DNA mRNA copy

25. RNA function cont. 2. tRNA: in cytoplasm Picks up an amino acid “Taxis” the aa to the Ribosome protein factories tRNA Amino acid

26. III. Protein Synthesis Assembling Proteins from the DNA Instructions

27. A. Transcription : 1. mRNA is copied off of DNA 2. In nucleus 3. Steps: DNA untwists DNA unzips RNA codons line up

28. Transcription: mRNA has: Ribose sugar Uracil instead of thymine bases Nuclear membrane allows it to leave! DNA Code mRNA ATCGATCG UAGCUAGC

29. B. Translation = Decoding of the message (mRNA Code) Into a protein By the ribosome factories

30. C.Translation 1. mRNA arrives at the Ribosome 2. tRNA picks up an amino acid 3. tRNA delivers the aa to the ribosome 4. aa are assembled into proteins U A G C G C U A mRNA code tRNA taxi

31. 2. Peptide bond forms 3. tRNA leaves ribosome 4. Chain of amino acids grows 1. tRNA delivers amino acid

32. Summary: DNA Replication: Make duplicate DNA In nucleus Copy the chromosomes For Mitosis Protein Synthesis: 1. Transcrition: Make mRNA From DNA 2. Translation: Make protein Off of mRNA code Using amino acids