1. Chapter 07 Lecture Outline Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. 1. Mom is type A, Dad is type O. What are possible blood types of baby? 2. Mom is Rh+, Dad is Rh-. What will/could the baby be, and is there any concern for erythroblastosis faetalis? Assume this is second baby. 3. List three components of your innate, non-specific immune system. 4. Describe how one of the three components works to defend you against pathogens/ tumors etc. 5. List one organ of the immune or lymphatic system.

3. Body Defenses Lymphatic and Immune Systems

4. Points to ponder What are the parts of the lymphatic system and what are their functions? What are the first and second lines of defense in nonspecific immunity? What is the third line of defense - cell- mediated and antibody-mediated immunity?

5. Points to ponder What are the different types of B cells in these processes? Distinguish between active and passive immunity? Describe how they are different and giveexamples of each. Understand allergic reactions, tissue rejection, and immune system disorders as problems that the immune system faces.

6. Microbes and You Microorganisms are widely distributed in the environment and carry out many beneficial functions. Decomposition Nitrogen fixation Breakdown environmental toxins Normal flora protect you against some pathogens Skin, vagina, mouth, gut E. coli in your gut produce vitamin K - you cannot make this substance yourself and without it your blood won’t clot properly

7. Pathogens Bacteria Viruses Fungi Protozoans Parasites Prions

8. Pathogens Bacteria See previous notes on prokaryotic cell structure Damage host by Exotoxins – toxins produced by bacteria  Shigella toxin, Staphylococcus aureus toxin Endotoxins and non-specific immunity  From cell wall of E coli and related bacteria Effects of the body’s specific humoral and cell mediated immunity

9. Eukaryotic Pathogens Fungi: examples Althlete’s foot Nail fungus Histoplasmosis Protozoans: examples PCP: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia Amoebic dysentery Parasites: examples Tapeworms Roundworms, pinworms

10. Viruses Acellular – not quite a living organism Obligate parasites Virus always has two parts: Some viruses have an outer envelope – HIV, Influenza Outer capsid composed of protein units Inner core of nucleic acid, which can be either DNA or RNA Virus relies on the host’s enzymes and ribosomes for its own reproduction.

13. Prions Proteinaceous infectious particles Proteins of unknown function in the brains of healthy individuals Disease occurs when certain prion proteins change their shape into a “rogue” form that converts other normal prion proteins into the rogue configuration. Cause a group of degenerative diseases of the nervous system Bovine and human Spongiform Encephalopathy

14. transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

15. The Lymphatic System Consists of lymphatic vessels and the lymphatic organs Four main functions; Lymphatic capillaries absorb excess tissue fluid and return it to the bloodstream; Lacteals absorb fats in the form of lipoproteins from the small intestines and transport them to the bloodstream; Lymphatic system produces, maintains, and distributes lymphocytes in the body; Defends the body against pathogens.

16. Components of the lymphatic system Tonsil: patches of lymphatic tissue; help to prevent entrance of pathogens by way of the nose and mouth Red bone marrow: site for the origin of all types of blood cells Thymus: lymphatic tissue where T lymphocytes mature and learn to tell “self” from “nonself” Spleen: cleanses the blood of cellular debris and bacteria, while resident lymphocytes respond to the presence of antigens tissue fluid lymphatic capillary tissue cell blood capillary Inguinal lymph nodes: located in the groin region; cleanse lymph and alert the immune system to pathogens Thoracic duct: empties lymph in to the left subclavian vein Axillary lymph nodes: located in the underarm region Right lymphatic duct: empties lymph into the right subclavian vein Figure 7.1 Functions of the lymphatic system components.

17. Lymphatic vessels One-way system that carries fluid called lymph Made of capillaries, vessels, and ducts Function to return tissue fluid (which includes water, solutes, and cell products) to the bloodstream Larger vessels are similar in structure to veins and even have valves

18. Classifying lymphatic organs Primary Red bone marrow Thymus Figure 7.2 Tissue samples from primary lymphatic organs.

19. Classifying lymphatic organs Secondary Lymph nodes Spleen Figure 7.2 Tissue samples from secondary lymphatic organs.

20. Primary Lymphatic Organs Red bone marrow is Site of stem cells that divide and produce blood cells. More bones in children have red marrow and it decreases as we age. B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow

21. Primary Lymphatic Organs Red Bone Marrow

22. Primary Lymphatic Organs The thymus is a bilobed gland found in the thoracic cavity superior to the heart. is largest in children and shrinks as we age. Site of T lymphocyte maturation cells move from the marrow to the thymus where they mature and 95% will stay. also produces thymic hormones, and is absolutely critical to immunity.

23. Thymus

24. Classifying lymphatic organs Secondary Lymph nodes Spleen 7.1 The Lymphatic System Figure 7.2 Tissue samples from secondary lymphatic organs.

25. Secondary Lymphatic Organs The spleen contains white pulp and red pulp. In the upper left region of the abdominal cavity White pulp contains a concentration of lymphocytes Red pulp is involved in filtering the blood. Removes damaged, dying red blood cells In the case of infection or a blow, the spleen can burst.

26. Spleen

27. Secondary Lymphatic Organs Lymph nodes Small, oval-shaped structures found along the lymphatic vessels Filled with B cells, T cells, and macrophages Common in the neck, armpit, and groin regions Lymph is filtered through the lymph nodes. Lymphocytes react with pathogens present in the filtered blood and lymph. They fight infections and attack cancer cells.

28. Lymph nodes

29. Tonsils The tonsils are patches of lymphatic tissue located around the pharynx.

30. Immune Defenses Immunity involves innate and acquired defenses. Innate defenses protect against any pathogen, Acquired defenses are effective against a particular infectious agent.

31. What are the innate immune defenses? 7.2 Innate Immune Defenses Figure 7.3 Overview of innate immune defenses. Innate defenses Barriers to entry Inflammatory response Protective proteins Phagocytes and natural killer cells skin and mucous membranes dendritic cell antimicrobial molecules pathogens macrophage cytokines neutrophil natural killer ells complement proteins and interferons in plasma monocyte

32. The first line of defense Physical barriers The skin is an effective physical barrier. Tears, saliva, and urine physically flush out microbes. Mucous membranes line the respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts. Resident bacteria/normal flora that inhabit the body use available nutrients and space thus preventing pathogens from taking up residence.

33. The first line of defense Chemical barriers Secretions of the oil glands Lysozyme found in saliva, tears, and sweat Acidic pH of the stomach and vagina

35. The second line of defense: Phagocytic white blood cells Includes neutrophils and macrophages Both leave circulation and move into tissue Are important in the inflammatory response 7.2 Innate Immune Defenses

36. The second line of defense: Inflammatory response Four hallmark symptoms are redness, heat, swelling, and pain. Histamine, released by mast cells, causes the capillaries to dilate and become more permeable to phagocytic white blood cells. Increased blood flow to an area increases warmth, inhibiting some pathogens. Rise in temperature increases phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages.

37. Increased blood flow also brings more white blood cells to an injured area, with neutrophils being the first scouts to kill pathogens. This response can be short-lived, but if the neutrophils cannot control the damage, cytokines (chemicals) will call in more white blood cells including macrophages. Monocytes become macrophages - attract lymphocytes, that are part of the specific arm of the immune system. The second line of defense: Inflammatory response

38. Summary of the inflammatory response 2. Macrophages phagocytize pathogens and release cytokines, which stimulate the inflammatory response. Capillary 1. Injured tissue cells and mast cells release histamine, which causes capillaries to dilate and increases blood flow. mast cell Tissue Skin 4. Blood clotting walls off capillary and prevents blood loss. 3. Neutrophils and monocytes (become macrophages) squeeze through the capillary wall and phagocytize pathogens. cytokines monocyte neutrophil macrophage histamine injured tissue blood clot pathogen Figure 7.4 Steps of the inflammatory response.

39. The second line of defense: Protective proteins Complement Group of blood plasma proteins Involved in the inflammatory response by binding to mast cells, causing them to release histamine Attract phagocytes to pathogens by binding them Form a membrane attack complex that makes holes in some bacteria and viruses, causing them to burst Interferons Proteins produced by virus-infected cells sent out to warn neighboring healthy cells 7.2 Innate Immune Defenses

40. Fig. 7.9