1. “The Great War for Empire”
The French & Indian War
(1756 to 1763)
“The Great War for Empire”

2. Was 1763
a "turning point"
in British-colonial
relationships???

3. North America in 1750

4. French and British Land Claims
Who explored NA for the French?
What areas did the French Control?
What geopolitical advantage did this give the French?
British: Royal charters gave land
to British crown

5. What political issues and problems did this create?
Clash of Cultures
French
Indians
British
What political issues and problems did this create?

6. Other wars Native American wars in New
England area since early 17th c.
(See notes)
4 Colonial wars between France & England: What did they fight over?
King William’s
Queen Anne’s
King George’s
French and Indian War (7 year’s War)

7. Sides French and Native Americans vs. English and Native Americans
Algonquins, Delaware, Huron, Ottowa, Shawnee, Lenapa
vs.
English and Native Americans
Iroquois League- purpose? ($)

8. 1754  Albany Plan of Union
Ben Franklin  representatives from New England, NY, MD, PA
Plan for defense and recruit Iroquois as allies
Albany Congress  failed due to fact that Parliament and colonial legislatures were afraid of losing power

9. Causes of the War LAND DISPUTES: WHERE? Religious Ideology
- Protestant v. Catholic
3. Native Americans
- wanted Europeans to stop coming on their
land

10. Fort Duquense Who bought land in this area (1740’s)?
Built a fort there to protect their
investment
Who drove the original settlers out?
Named it Fort Duquesne
Forks of the Ohio, Monongahela, and Allegheny River

11. Introducing November 1753 Governor Robert Dinwiddie (VA)
Major George Washington
Sent to the upper Ohio Valley
to warn the French to leave
Washington returns with report
French are well established and
intend to expand their control

12. 1754  The First Clash The Ohio Valley British French Jumonville Glen
Fort Necessity

13. At the beginning… 1st phase – 1754-1756
primarily a North American conflict that English colonists managed on their own with little assistance from Britain
1755 – Britain sends General Edward Braddock
Harsh leader, condescending towards colonial militias
Utilizes traditional European fighting, not prepared for colonial fighting (Rows and Columns)
Fails miserably to take the crucial site at the forks of the Ohio River where Washington had lost Fort necessity- Recall Reading in Class
Early phase of war – French definitely had the advantage
French took British Fort Oswego in 1756 – more Native Americans allied with French
Then French took Fort William Henry

14. 1756  International Conflict - 2nd Phase begins! Seven Years’ War
Marquis de Montcalm
Lord Loudoun
Native American tribes exploited both sides!

15. British-American Colonial Tensions
Colonials
British
Methods of Fighting:
Indian-style guerilla tactics.
March in formation or bayonet charge.
Military Organization:
Col. militias served under own captains.
Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials.
Military Discipline:
No mil. deference or protocols observed.
Drills & tough discipline.
Finances:
Resistance to rising taxes.
Colonists should pay for their own defense.
Demeanor:
Casual, non-professionals.
Prima Donna Br. officers with servants & tea settings.

16. 1757  William Pitt Becomes Foreign Minister
He understood colonial concerns.
He improved war efforts in America:
- Sent Troops
- Sent money
RESULTS?  Colonial morale increased by 1758.
“The Father of the British Empire”

17. 3rd Phase begins - 1758-1761  The Tide Turns
* By 1761, Sp. has become an ally of Fr.

19. 3rd Phase – Tide Turns for England
By mid 1758 – British regulars and colonial militias were seizing one French stronghold after another
July British took Ft. Duquesne without a fight – renamed it Ft Pitt
Battle of Louisburg – Gen. Jeffrey Amherst and James Wolfe captured the French fortress
Battle of Ticonderoga, Niagara – British victory

20. Siege of Quebec Lynch pin of French Control in America
General James Wolfe – British
Ordered his troops up a narrow
undefended path (hidden ravine) just outside
Quebec
General Louis Montcalm
Awoke to British troops
surrounding the city
- City eventually fell, Sept. 13, 1759, after only 30 minutes of fighting
One year later – French formally surrendered to Amherst at Montreal!

21. What inaccuracies do you notice about this artwork?

22. 1763  Treaty of Paris
France --> lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India, some of her West Indian islands, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi R.
Spain --> got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, Cuba, but lost Florida to England.
England --> all land east of M. River, Florida, got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India.

23. North America in 1763

24. Effects of the War on the American Colonials
1. It united them against a common enemy for the first time.
It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify.
Colonies Proud to be Brits-they wanted full autonomy: independence under not against

25. Effects of the War on Britain?
1. It increased her colonial empire in the Americas.
2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt.
Therefore, England felt that a major reorganization of her American Empire was necessary!