1. ICLON, Interfacultair Centrum voor Lerarenopleiding, Onderwijsontwikkeling en Nascholing Teacher Research in Secondary Schools Rosanne Zwart (ICLON and Teacher Learning Centre) Wilfried Admiraal (ICLON) Ben Smit (ICLON) [EAPRIL, Jyväskylä, Finland] [November 2012] A literature review

2. ICLON, Interfacultair Centrum voor Lerarenopleiding, Onderwijsontwikkeling en Nascholing Introduction -“What does she know…” -What am I going to present? -A literature review: Why? How? Challenges and dilemma’s… -Why this conference?

3. ICLON, Interfacultair Centrum voor Lerarenopleiding, Onderwijsontwikkeling en Nascholing Problems with Educational Research - Solves problems teachers don’t have; - Fragmented; - Contradicting; - Peer reviewed journals; -etc… Publish or perish…..

4. ICLON, Interfacultair Centrum voor Lerarenopleiding, Onderwijsontwikkeling en Nascholing Problems with Educational Practice Evidence-based….. Often: - not informed by literature; - Not based on empirical evidence; - Individual, mostly tacit, practical knowledge, difficult to share.

5. ICLON, Interfacultair Centrum voor Lerarenopleiding, Onderwijsontwikkeling en Nascholing To which degree are you informed about results of educational research? number% not867% barely66358% relatively good38533% very good182% total1152*100% * Teachers in secondary education (UGhent 2009) Do you use results of educational research in your practice? number% never14512% hardly74464% often26623% very often51% total1160*100% Limited impact of research on practice

6. ICLON, Interfacultair Centrum voor Lerarenopleiding, Onderwijsontwikkeling en Nascholing Teacher research: the solution? TR: defined? Design of PD? Effects of TR and PD?

7. ICLON, Interfacultair Centrum voor Lerarenopleiding, Onderwijsontwikkeling en Nascholing What do you think? 1)Are common features of teacher or practitioner research?

8. ICLON, Interfacultair Centrum voor Lerarenopleiding, Onderwijsontwikkeling en Nascholing Method (1) We used the following data bases: - ERIC Educational Resources Information Center - PsycINFO - Catalogue of Leiden University - PiCARTA (an integrated database of the Dutch National Library) - Web of Science - Academic search premier (a multi-disciplinary database) - Google Scholar.

9. ICLON, Interfacultair Centrum voor Lerarenopleiding, Onderwijsontwikkeling en Nascholing Method (2) These databases have been searched for*: - scholarship and teaching - teacher and research - action and research - practitioner and inquiry - lesson, learning and study - self study and teacher(s) - practice based and evidence and education - inquiry and teacher/teaching *In the title and in all fields

10. ICLON, Interfacultair Centrum voor Lerarenopleiding, Onderwijsontwikkeling en Nascholing Method (3) In addition: -Screening of journals as outlet for teacher research (Educational Action Research, Action Research and Action in Teacher Education, Journal of Scholarship in teaching and Learning, Pedagogische Studien, etc.) -Snowball method to cross check references; -Including work from key authors (e.g. Carolin Kreber, Stephen Kemmis);

11. ICLON, Interfacultair Centrum voor Lerarenopleiding, Onderwijsontwikkeling en Nascholing Inclusion criteria - Year 2000 or later; - Online available; - Published in peer reviewed journals; - Research by teachers, and - On educational research. CHALLENGE 1: over 100.000 hits (mostly action research) CHALLENGE 2: On or of teacher research? CHALLENGE 3: Representation of practice? CHALLENGE 4: PD programs?

12. ICLON, Interfacultair Centrum voor Lerarenopleiding, Onderwijsontwikkeling en Nascholing What do you think? 1)Are aspects that we are missing when including only articles from peer reviewed journals? 2)Are more important? Studies of or on teacher research?

13. ICLON, Interfacultair Centrum voor Lerarenopleiding, Onderwijsontwikkeling en Nascholing Thank you! r.c.zwart@vu.nl

14. ICLON, Interfacultair Centrum voor Lerarenopleiding, Onderwijsontwikkeling en Nascholing Common features teacher research Grounded in teaching practice; Aimed at changing practice; Empirical, mostly qualitative methods; Sharing outcomes with colleagues and beyond; Voicing the teacher.

15. ICLON, Interfacultair Centrum voor Lerarenopleiding, Onderwijsontwikkeling en Nascholing Types and aims Improving teaching (action research, lesson study, design-based research); Voicing the teacher (action research, self study); Learning as professional (self study); Generating and sharing knowledge (scholarship, data-informed decision making);

16. ICLON, Interfacultair Centrum voor Lerarenopleiding, Onderwijsontwikkeling en Nascholing Mostly teacher educators Aimed at improving and understanding own practice Interactions as research object and research means Mostly qualitative methods (narratives) Grounded in one’s practical experiences Link with theory is weak Sharing research outcomes Authors: Loughran, Berry, Ponte, Korthagen, LaBoskey, Kelchtermans, etc. Self study

17. ICLON, Interfacultair Centrum voor Lerarenopleiding, Onderwijsontwikkeling en Nascholing Mostly secondary school teachers; Aimed at changing practice as a part of educational reform; Moral issues as trigger and object of study; Mixed methods with focus on qualitative methods; Grounded in one’s practical experiences; Link with critical theory; Sharing research outcomes. Authors: Kemmis, Carr, Zeichner, Ponte, Noffke, Witehead, etc. Action Research

18. ICLON, Interfacultair Centrum voor Lerarenopleiding, Onderwijsontwikkeling en Nascholing Lesson study Mostly secondary school teachers Aimed at designing innovative lessons Collaborative observation of and reflection on a shared lesson Cycles of design, implementation, evaluation and redesign Mixed methods Weak links with theory Authors: Lewis, Perry, Murata, etc.

19. ICLON, Interfacultair Centrum voor Lerarenopleiding, Onderwijsontwikkeling en Nascholing Design-based research All levels of education Aimed at designing innovative teaching (holistic) Mixed methods Cycles of design, implementation, evaluation and redesign Grounded in both theory and practice CIMO-logic (chains of reasoning) Authors: Kelly, Van den Akker, Denyer, etc.

20. ICLON, Interfacultair Centrum voor Lerarenopleiding, Onderwijsontwikkeling en Nascholing Scholarship of teaching and learning University teachers; Aimed at improving practice and generating knowledge; Grounded in school practice, linked with theory; Mixed methods; Open for peer review; Outcomes linked to school practice; Publishing research; Authors: Bowden, Kreber, Weimer, Richlin, etc.

21. ICLON, Interfacultair Centrum voor Lerarenopleiding, Onderwijsontwikkeling en Nascholing Criteria (of quality) Learning as professional School development Educational innovations Improved practice Student learning Rigor Sharing outcomes Publishing Voicing teachers Critical-societal effects

22. ICLON, Interfacultair Centrum voor Lerarenopleiding, Onderwijsontwikkeling en Nascholing Teacher learning to do research Research communities in school (e.g. Academic school (PDS)); Individual professional development programs; Collaborative projects with universities; Network of school and universities; Apprenticeship models.