1. Modern China

2. The Civil War  In 1912, China’s last emperor was forced to abdicate.  China was unified under a single government, but after its leader died, China fell into Civil War. The Nationalists were led by Chiang Kai-shek. The Communists were led by Mao Zedong

3. Chiang Kai-shekMao Zedong

4. The Civil War  During World War II, both the Nationalists and the Communists fought against the Japanese, and worked to gain the loyalties of the Chinese people.  In 1949, the Communists, led by Mao, won the war.  The Nationalists retreated to Taiwan. They created the Republic of China.  The U.S. supported Taiwan, despite the fact martial law was maintained there for many years.

5. MAO’S CHINA  Only the Communist Party was allowed.  Private land was seized, and organized into large, government-run farms.  Factories were put under state control.  The government regulated food production and factory production  The government owned all housing, and decided where people would live.

6. Mao’s China  Religious worship was prohibited.  Food production was cut in order to increase industrial production. As a result, about 30 million Chinese died in famines in the 1960’s.  Freedom of speech and the press were virtually nonexistant.

7. The Cultural Revolution  In 1966, Mao called for a Cultural Revolution. He felt that not enough had been done to smash old ways of thinking, and that China’s progress had been too slow.  During the C.R., he established the Red Guard.

9. The Red Guard  To create the Red Guard, he shut down the schools and universities, and replaced education with indoctrination.  The Red Guards set out to destroy the Olds in China.  All those who disagreed with Mao were punished.

11. The Red Guard/Cultural Revolution  As a result of the Cultural Revolution, production ground to a halt, and schools closed. The economy was almost completely ruined.  The destruction was so great that Mao called for an end to the Cultural Revolution in 1969. He ordered the army to disband the Red Guards.

12. Deng Xiaoping  Mao died in 1976, and was replaced by Deng Xiaoping.  Deng made two major changes: He instituted the One Child Policy. He started the Four Modernizations.  The goals were to improve agriculture, science, industry and defense.

13. Deng said:  It doesn’t matter if a cat is black or white, as long as it catches mice!

14. Economic Change under Deng  China switched over from a focus on heavy industry (steel and machinery) to light industry (clothing and appliances).  He began rewarding managers and workers who improved production.

15. Special Economic Zones TThese zones allow foreign investors to build factories and hire Chinese workers. IIt began with four; now there are hundreds. Special Economic Zones tend to be near the coasts, so the gap between rich and poor in the urban and rural areas has grown. China’s regulations have not kept up with growth.

16. Tiananmen Square  Chinese citizens gathered in Tiananmen Square to demand democratic reforms. June 3, 1989...when crowds failed to disperse... Chinese government sends troops and tanks to Tiananmen Square. Student protesters are brutally massacred.

18. Deng’s Legacy DDeng is remembered as a leader who modernized China’s economy. However, the black mark created by Tiananmen Square and other human rights violations cannot be forgotten. SSince his death in 1997, his successors have legalized private industry, but have retained strict human rights regulations.  China’s President Hu