2. Cartographers must: 1. select the objects to be shown 2. evaluate their relative importance 3. find some way to simplify their form. Cartographers are limited by: 1. the purpose of the map 2. its scale 3. the methods to produce it 4. the accuracy of the data.

3.  Aesthetics vs. conformality or equivalence  Political considerations (size vs. importance)  Website to discuss maps, mapmaking or related topics such as GIS, remote sensing and photogrammetry: http://www.cartotalk.com/http://www.cartotalk.com/

4. Small Scale Large Scale

5. a) Scale b) Density c) Region d) Resolution e) Projection d) Resolution - generally large-scale maps have a great resolution.

6.  Mapping cycling rides around Toronto 2004 to 2009 using GPS https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iC56P-Ro4PY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iC56P-Ro4PY  TTC Weekday Movement http://vimeo.com/1865789 http://vimeo.com/1865789  Ork Posters http://www.orkposters.com/toronto.html http://www.orkposters.com/toronto.html

8.  Information to be mapped is shown in a summary form e.g. USA elections Gore Bush McCain Obama 2000 Election Results 2008 Election Results Presidential elections by county and by state

9. Reference Maps CIA World Factbook: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the- world-factbook/docs/refmaps.htmlhttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the- world-factbook/docs/refmaps.html Choropleth Maps (shading, colouring or placement of symbols) Isoline Maps (uses lines) Proportional Symbol Maps Dot Maps Mental Maps

10. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/92f0138m/2008 003/figures/5200001-eng.htm

11. http://mapmaker.rutgers.ed u/355/Journey_to_Work.jpg

12.  Connect points of equal atmospheric pressure http://www.earthlyissue s.com/images/isobar.gif

13. http://person al.frostburg.e du/kebachtel 0/square%20 map.jpg

16. AP exam Free Response Question based on a Cartogram: Shown above is a special type of graphic used by geographers. 1. Identify the type of graphic by name. 2. What qualities does it have that qualify it as a graph? 3. What qualities would qualify it as a map?

17.  United Kingdom Department for communities and local government. http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/HTMLDoc s/images/Statistical%20Maps%20- %20Best%20Practice%20v5_tcm97-51126.pdf http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/HTMLDoc s/images/Statistical%20Maps%20- %20Best%20Practice%20v5_tcm97-51126.pdf