2. The Early Cold War: 1947-1963 The Early Cold War: 1947-1963

3. Part I: “Reconstruction & Confrontation” Part I: “Reconstruction & Confrontation”

4. United States and the Soviet Union

5. Ideological Struggles 1. Communism A system based on the ownership of all property by the government. Everyone is equal (In theory) Social Classes are eliminated. Basic needs of everyone will be met by the government. Jobs are distributed by the government

6. Ideological Struggles 2. Capitalism: An economic system based on a free market, in which individuals and companies own the means of production and operate for profit. Develops a social class. How?

7. The Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations [“Iron Curtain”] US & the Western Democracies GOAL  spread world- wide Communism GOAL  “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world. [George Kennan] METHODOLOGIES:  Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]  Arms Race [nuclear escalation]  Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy]  “proxy wars”  Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

8. The “Iron Curtain” From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

9. Post-War Germany

10. Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)

11. Berlin Blockade and Airlift What happened to Berlin? It’s divided Why? 1. Russia Wanted West Berlin. 2. Western Powers merged to save German Economy. The German “mark” is introduced. 3. It created a Russian Blockade on Berlin. Result: 1. US Airlifts supplies to the people of Berlin. Embargo on Russian exports. West Germany is created. (capitalist country) East Germany is created. (communists country)

12. The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961) Checkpoint Charlie

13. Berlin Wall Why was it Built? So East German refugees wouldn’t escape to West Germany. The Communists were trying to keep East Germany in a lock down.

14. Ich bin ein Berliner! (1963) President Kennedy tells Berliners that the West is with them!

15. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)  United States  Belgium  Britain  Canada  Denmark  France  Iceland  Italy  Luxemburg  Netherlands  Norway  Portugal  1952: Greece & Turkey  1955: West Germany  1983: Spain

16. Warsaw Pact (1955) }U. S. S. R. }Albania }Bulgaria }Czechoslovakia }East Germany }Hungary }Poland }Rumania

17. Nuclear Arms Race Why? Each country was building up it arms in case of an all out nuclear war. They were also playing mind games with each other. “Chess” Who was racing? Capitalist and Communists US vs. Russia

18. The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950-1953) Syngman Rhee Kim Il-Sung “Domino Theory”

19. Korean War Who was the aggressor? North Korea (communists). The Russians arms them to fight South Koreans. The US arms the South Koreans who didn’t want to be a communist nation. North Korea: 100,000 troops capture Soul, South Korea. North Korea – Kim IL Sung South Korea – Syngman Rhee Results: 1. 3 year war. North Koreans pushed back to the 38 th Parallel China Aids North Korea. 1953 – cease fire Role of the UN: UN backs South Korea. All UN Nations gave aid to South Korea.

20. Premier Nikita Khrushchev About the capitalist states, it doesn't depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) exist. If you don't like us, don't accept our invitations, and don't invite us to come to see you. Whether you like it our not, history is on our side. We will bury you. you. -- 1956 De-Stalinization Program

21. Khruschev Embraces Castro, 1961

22. Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)

23. Bay of Pigs Why? The US wanted to oust the Communist Cuban leader Fidel Castro from power w/CIA trained rebels. Result: Failed. Castro new the invasion was coming and easily defeated and captured the CIA trained rebels. US President John F. Kennedy denies the incident. Operation Mongoose: Attempted assassination of Castro. Also fails.

24. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

25. Cuban Missile Crisis What was it? Castro accepted Soviet nuclear missiles from the Russians. Missiles to be set up in Cuba. Mostly short range. Leader of Communist Russia was Nikita Khrushchev Soviet rationale: They wanted to protect communist Cuba from the United States, have more influence in Latin America, and increase their diplomatic leverage with the US. Results: 1. JKF puts up a Naval Blockade around Cuba. 2. It lasted 13 days. 3. Soviets finally withdraw – But only if the US agrees to secretly remove their missile in Turkey. 4. Almost led to WW III

26. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!

27. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

28. An Historic Irony: Sergei Khrushchev, American Citizen Who buried who?