1. Federico M. Pulselli, Luca Coscieme, Fabrizio Saladini, Alessandro Sani, Simone Bastianoni Ecodynamics Group, Dept. of Earth, Environmental and Physical Sciences University of Siena, ITALY e-mail: fpulselli@unisi.itfpulselli@unisi.it The input-state-output sustainability framework at the sub-national level: data collection, emergy evaluation and categorization of the 20 Italian regions. 9 th Biennial Emergy Research Conference UFL - January 7-9, 2016

2. economy society environment Representing sustainability

3. The input-state-output indicator framework Organization Structure Diversity Work capacity

4. Em pc =  E i ·UEV i / pop n GDP pc = GDP n / pop n (e.g. Emergy) (e.g. GINI Index of income distribution) (e.g. Gross Domestic Product) i Environmental basis Material consistency The role of society Equality as a basis Form of inclusion Economic result What did happen before? Equality/inequality

5. ITALY 20 regional administrations (five have special statutes) 109 provinces More than 8000 municipalities

6. The importance of the investigations at the subnational level: 1.Highlighting peculiarities and characteristics of local/regional systems (not visible at the national level); 2.Providing information for the national (upper-level) policies, extracted from assessment and comparisons of sub-systems.

7. The cube and sub-cubes NOTE: High and low values depend on the comparison of the value of each indicator with the median value calculated on the basis of available data high low

8. Data Sources (for a bottom-up approach) Regional GDP Regional Gini Index Some Regional data for Emergy evaluation (e.g. Import flows, average rain, etc.) DGERM: oil (and oil derivative) bulletin TERNA: statistics on electricity consumption LEGAMBIENTE: data on extractive activity … and other punctual sources

9. Regional GINI index of income distribution Regional GDP North vs. South Italy is close to the median Partially influenced by geography and development level Italy is among unequal regions Income distribution (and social problems) in metropolitan areas

10. Emergy evaluation at the Regional level after Morandi et al., Ecological Modelling, 315 (2015) 12–27 Regions are not evaluated in isolation but as subsystems of the largest system (Italy) Because geographical features do not change, local renewable and local non- renewable flows are calculated without significant changes. The only flow that changes is the imported flow. In fact, when a subsystem is considered as a part of its whole system, imports from outside are a fraction of the total outside imports to the larger system. The interactions between the subsystems (in this case the Italian regions) do not have to be accounted for when the larger system (Italy) is considered as the union of its subsystems. The main difficulties in collecting data for imports at the regional level are: - discrepancy between the detail of national and regional data; - values expressed in mass or money or both.

11. Per capita emergy flow for Italy and the regional systems Empower aeral density

13. Dissipative Score: high emergy, low Gini Index, high GDP Regions: Veneto, Trentino-Alto Adige, Emilia- Romagna, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Piemonte, Toscana (6) Unevenly frugal Score : low emergy, high Gini Index, low GDP Regions: Sardegna, Basilicata, Sicilia, Campania, Calabria (5) Dissipative Unevenly frugal These categories represent 35mln of inhabitants = 60% of the total categorization

14. Socially distracted Score: high emergy, high Gini Index, high GDP Regions : Lombardia (1) Dematerialized Score: low emergy, low Gini Index, high GDP Regions: Valle d'Aosta (1) Dematerialized Socially Distracted The smallest one (population, area, pop. Density)!!! categorization

15. Mida’s Kingdom Mida’s kingdom Score: low emergy; high Gini Index, high GDP LAZIO: influenced by the presence of Rome (74% of regional population). LIGURIA: floriculture, agriculture, tourism. Industrial activities and import flows are concentrated in metropolitan areas and harbors (Genoa and La Spezia that hosts the 70% of the population) Low emergy pc and high GDP pc coexist with problematic social conditions of metropolitan areas (e.g. 2001-2011 Genuine Progress Indicator for Rome) categorization

16. Ineffective Score: high emergy, high Gini Index, low GDP Regions: Molise, Puglia (2) Inconsistent Score: high emergy, low Gini Index, low GDP Regions: Umbria (1) Evenly frugal Score: low emergy, low Gini Index, low GDP Regions: Marche, Abruzzo (2) Evenly Frugal Inconsistent Ineffective categorization

17. Pulselli et al., Global Environmental Change, 2015, 41-51 8.8E+16 Lombardia Calabria 1.32E+17 3.37E+16 Campania Friuli V.G. 0.324 0.26 0.38 Valle d’Aosta Campania 2.57E+04 3.45E+04 1.64E+04 Diversity This means that the problem of distribution of resources, opportunities, development perspectives, etc. actually exists beyond the mere level of income distribution. The policy action should be also inspired by and based on combined of information from different viewpoints.

18. Relationship between resources and economic performance A diagonal plan exists within the cube, that highlights the relationship between resource use (eMergia) and economic wealth (PIL). In this case the connection is not strong R 2 = 0,47 WHY?

19. IMPACT OF IMPORT Import flow represents a large percentage of total emergy but significant differences exist among the regions. We have estimated the 7% for Calabria and 67% for Lombardia (representative of different attitudes and characteristics). The high value for Lombardia is one of the reasons why this is not located within the “Dissipative” sub-cube or together with Lazio and Liguria.

20. Properties and potentialities of the framework > The dynamics of the flow of matter and energy that feeds the system society and produces economic wealth is here represented. The main results concern: the correlation between resources and GDP, the disconnection of social issues, the role of inequality, the project of dematerialization. > Data availability is crucial to obtain verisimilar results and design reliable policies > The framework can be used for both cross-country (as in this case) and time-series evaluations. > Different triads may lead to different results. These should be considered as complementary information. > Emergy evaluation plays a privileged role because it is able to substantially integrate the economic information that is often myopic.

21. Luca Coscieme Nadia Marchettini Simone Bastianoni Ecodynamics Group Achille Lemmi Gianni Betti Laura Neri Andrea Regoli Antonella D’Agostino Paul C. Sutton Alessandro Sani Fabrizio Saladini Special thanks to the co-authors and the partners of this project: … and THANK YOU OF YOUR ATTENTI N Economists are the primary advisors of governments. We need environmental scientists with the same decisional power to face future challenges deriving from our current model of infinite growth on a finite planet. Paul C. Sutton (2015 ABC interview)