1. MR. DRAKE CHEMISTRY

2. MATTER ______________: anything that occupies space and has mass ______________: Quantity of matter an object has Chemical changes in matter make life possible Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen make up 90% of all life

3. ELEMENTS ___________________: Pure substances that can not be broken down any further Each element has a chemical symbol: C, O, Na Chemical symbols are written in Latin: Lead=Pb for Plumbus Always in Caps unless if two letters--caps then lower case

4. ATOMS _______________: Smallest part of an element Atoms are so small they can not be totally seen These atoms control how an element behaves

5. NUCLEUS _______________ : Center of an atom, contains two particles ___________ : positively charged particles _____________ : Neutral particles, these can change _____________: elements with different number of Neutrons _____________: # of protons in an atom, number above chemical symbol

6. ELECTRONS Negatively charged particles, balance out protons to make elements _____________________ Float around the outside of the atom in _____________________ These energy levels need to be full, or elements become unstable—BOOM!!!!! ___________________ : Level 1- 2 electrons Level 2 and on: 8 electrons

7. COMPOUNDS ___________________ : formed when two or more elements combine Na and Cl form NaCl or salt Chemical are created this way, depends of the structure of the atoms Some elements do not combine or cause harsh reactions EXPLOSIONS!!!

8. COVALENT BONDS Electrons get shared by two atoms When these atoms join they are called ____________ Covalent bonds are weaker than ionic bonds Water uses covalent bonds, can be broken easily with heat

9. IONIC BONDS Form when there is a positive and negative charge between two atoms Atoms with a charge are called ______________ Electrons get transferred, not shared These bonds are stronger than covalent Ionic Compounds usually can’t switch back or break down

10. ENERGY IN LIVING THINGS _______________ All living things have energy in them Chemical reactions allow life to thrive Energy is converted from one form to another i.e. food becomes energy to move

11. FORMS OF ENERGY ________________________: Temperature is really a measure of how much thermal energy something has. The higher the temperature, the faster the molecules are moving around and/or vibrating ________________________: Consider the ability of your body to do work. The glucose (blood sugar) in your body is said to have "chemical energy" because the glucose releases energy when chemically reacted (combusted) with oxygen. Your muscles use this energy to generate mechanical force and also heat. ________________________: All matter is made up of atoms, and atoms are made up of smaller particles, called protons (which have positive charge), neutrons (which have neutral charge), and electrons (which are negatively charged). Electrons orbit around the center, or nucleus, of atoms, just like the moon orbits the earth. The nucleus is made up of neutrons and protons.

12. FORMS OF ENERGY __________________________: Consider the energy transmitted to the Earth from the Sun by light (or by any source of light). Light, which is also called "electro-magnetic radiation". __________________________: The Sun, nuclear reactors, and the interior of the Earth, all have "nuclear reactions" as the source of their energy, that is, reactions that involve changes in the structure of the nuclei of atoms. In the Sun, hydrogen nuclei fuse (combine) together to make helium nuclei, in a process called fusion, which releases energy. In a nuclear reactor, or in the interior of the Earth, Uranium nuclei (and certain other heavy elements in the Earth's interior) split apart, in a process called fission. If this didn't happen, the Earth's interior would have long gone cold!

13. STATES OF MATTER 3 states: liquid, solid or gas Depends on how fast particles are moving Gas = fastest Solid = slowest Liquid = in between Matter can change states with addition of energy Mr.Drake is the Best teacher ever

14. ENERGY AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS ___________________ - what is reacting (left side of arrow) ___________________- result of the reaction (right side of the arrow) 2H + O 2 = 2H 2 O

15. ENERGY TRANSFER Energy is either released or absorbed during chemical reactions ______________________ : release heat…think Fire ______________________: Absorb Heat…ice melting

16. ACTIVATION ENERGY Energy needed to START a reaction You have to burn energy to get energy from food ________________: Make it easier to start a reaction, lower the activation energy _______________: we have enzymes in our body to speed up our metabolism

17. DESCRIBING SOLUTIONS ________________ : A mixture of liquids and other compounds ________________: a solution using water ________________: The compound being dissolved ________________: The liquid that is being used to dissolve Iced tea: water is solvent tea mix is solute

18. ACIDS AND BASES Solutions are either neutral, acidic or basic Acidic solutions tend to be more sour and can be dangerous Basic solutions tend to have a bitter taste and can also be dangerous Acids and Bases will counteract one another Very important substances in nature

19. PH SCALE Measure of acidic and basic solutions 0-14 7 neutral: neither acidic or basic 0-6 acidic: most acidic would be around a 1 8-14 basic: Most basic would be around a14

20. BUFFERS Used to “calm down” acidic or basic solutions Antacids are buffers against stomach acid Important in the human body to prevent harm