1. Nuclear Physics

2. Intro: 1.Where do you find protons? 2.Where do you find neutrons? 3.Where do you find electrons? 4.How many protons does it have? 5.How many neutrons? 6.Is it a neutral atom, and how do you know?

3. The Atom In the nucleus Proton- (+) charged particle Neutron- no charge Outside the nucleus Electron- (-) charged particle has almost no mass

4. Nucleons Are subatomic particles inside the nucleus Consist of + charged protons and neutral neutrons Have almost 2000 times the mass of electrons Because of the two types of nucleons, the nucleus is positively charged

5. Where can you find the number of protons? It’s the atomic number (found on the periodic table)

6. Nuclear Notation Atomic number = no. of protons Atomic mass = protons + neutrons (total number of nucleons In the nucleus) Atomic number is the same as the number of electrons in an uncharged atom 5 B 10.811 Atomic Number Atomic Mass

7. 1a. How many protons? 1b. How many neutrons? 1c. How many nucleons? You may see atomic number written many ways. The smaller number is the atomic number and the larger is the atomic mass Question 1

8. has 13 protons and 14 neutrons for a total of 27 nucleons has 13 protons and 15 neutrons for a total of 28 nucleons The identity of an element depends on the number of protons What do you notice that is different between the two Aluminum atoms? 28 13

9. Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons (giving them different masses) Most common stable isotope of carbon Unstable radioactive isotope of carbon

10. Review of Fundamental forces Strongest to weakest 1.Strong Nuclear Force 2.Electromagnetic Force 3.Weak Nuclear Force 4.Gravity

11. 2 Forces Acting on Nucleons: Forces of attraction between nucleons Strong forces –Holds the nucleons in the nucleus –Are independent of the charge of the nucleon –Are short range (exist only between closest neighbors) Electrical force (electrostatic) –Force of repulsions between positively charged protons –Are long range

12. When are nuclei stable/unstable? a.Stable: a.When there is an equal number of protons and neutrons b.Unstable: a.Large nuclei – electrical forces of repulsion are greater than strong forces of attraction a.All elements after Bismuth (Bi #83) are considered unstable and therefore naturally radioactice

13. A radioactive isotope: Has an unstable nucleus Spontaneously emits a particle and decays into another element (to become more stable)

14. Transmutation Changing into another element through radioactive decay

15. Types of Radioactive Emission SymbolCompositionStopped By Alpha2p + 2n (helium) Paper Beta1e (electron) Aluminum GammaγEnergy only Lead

16. Alpha Decay Radiation through the loss of 2p + 2n or (helium)

17. Beta Decay Radiation where a neutron splits, giving off an electron and becoming a proton in the new element

18. Beta Decay

19. Beta Decay: Electron Capture The capture of the electron allows the proton to turn into a neuron.

20. Gamma Decay A change energy state gives off a gamma particle or photon –Electromagnetic radiation

21. Question 3a Balance the nuclear equation after alpha decay

22. Question 3a Balance the nuclear equation after alpha decay

23. Question 3b Balance the nuclear equation after beta decay Remember in beta decay a neutron changes into a proton by giving off an electron

24. Question 3b Balance the nuclear equation after beta decay Remember in beta decay a neutron changes into a proton by giving off an electron

25. Quiz Grade Page 626 Define all key terms Review Questions: 1-10 Think and Explain Questions: 29, 30, 41, 41, and 45

26. Extra Question Which radioactive isotope completes this nuclear decay equation 6

27. Extra Problem Finish off the equation

28. Show what you know

33. Nuclear Fission Nuclear fission - Heavy nuclei are bombarded with neutrons and split. plus a tremendous amount of energy

34. Nuclear fission Mass of particles produced is slightly less than the mass of the reactants. This mass is converted into energy. (E=mc 2 )

35. Nuclear fission is a chain reaction. Neutrons are needed to start and released as a product which can start more reactions. Critical mass: minimum mass of fissionable material required for a chain reaction.

36. Problems with Fission Nuclear fission produces radioactive waste that has a large half life. U-235 Uranium 235 –Half life of U-235 is 713 million years We cannot get rid of this dangerous product so we store it away from anything it can harm. –We deeply bury Meltdown if cooling system fails the reactor can overheat and melt releasing radioactive materials

37. Nuclear fusion – combination of small nuclei into larger with release of energy. Mass of particles produced is much less than the mass of the reactants. This mass is converted into energy. (E=mc 2 ) Can release up to 10 times that of fission Occurs naturally in our sun and other stars Does not give off radioactive waste

38. Problems with Fusion Fusion requires high temperatures like those in the stars. We cannot sustain these temperatures without vaporizing the container of the fusion reaction. Today many are looking into ways of making fusion work under sustainable conditions