1. What Makes Us Civilized?

2. P. Political Organization

3. P. E. Political Organization Economy

4. P. E. R. Political Organization Economy Religion

5. P. E. R. S. Political Organization Economy Religion Society/Social Classes

6. P. E. R. S. I. Political Organization Economy Religion Society/Social Classes Innovations/Technology

7. P. E. R. S. I. A. Political Organization Economy Religion Society/Social Classes Innovations/Technology Art/Architecture

9. Mesopotamia Land Between Two Rivers

10. Crossroads of Three Continents

11. Mesopotamia The Fertile Crescent Floods unpredictable No natural barriers for defense Few natural resources except reeds

12. Sumerians 3000 BCE

13. Sumerian Political Organization Priests with religious and power –Success of crops –irrigation Warrior kings –Defense –Dynasties City-states—Ur Laws Taxes Public Works –Ziggurats –Walled cities

14. Royal Standard of Ur Found in the royal cemetery. Depicts scenes of war and peace What does this reveal about Mesopotamian culture?

15. Economy Agriculture –Catastrophic floods Irrigation Canals –Date Palms, grains such as barley and wheat Trade –Traded—grain, cloth, crafted tools –Received—stone, wood, metal

16. Mesopotamian Trade From Egypt to India

17. Sumerian Cylinder Seals Carved in reverse to leave a negative image. Used as receipts and to show ownership.

18. Religion Polytheistic Goddesses Afterlife Pessimistic

19. Society Social Hierarchy Kings, ruling family and Priests Merchants, scribes, lesser priests Peasant farmers Slaves –Captured in war –Sold self into slavery to pay off debts

20. Sumerian Scribes Over 500 characters— required years of schooling

21. Innovations Cuneiform Canals, dams, irrigation Mud bricked walls Wheeled vehicles, sail, plow?? Number system based on 60 Arches, columns, ramps Ziggurat

22. Cuneiform Wedge Shaped Writing on Clay Tablets Earliest form of writing

23. Deciphering Cuneiform

24. Metallurgy Skills What is the significance that gold could not be found within 200 miles of Mesopotamia?

25. Art and Architecture

26. Ziggurats Tallest building in the city-state Grim view of afterlife

27. Babylonian –Hammurabi Law Code

28. Hammurabi’s Code STELE

29. Hammurabi the Judge “Eye for an eye” Why are written laws important?

30. The Ancient Egyptians Slaves were not used to build these but rather peasants who did so instead of paying taxes, public works projects, or serving in the military These expensive projects were part of the reason for the decline. Climatic disasters also led to decreased grain supply

31. Satellite photo of Nile River Deserts, jungles, seas, and cataracts provided natural barriers Rich, fertile soil Source=Lake Victoria to the south Optimistic outlook Reliance on floods

32. Nile River “Longest River in the World” Lower Upper

33. Egypt: The Gift of the Nile Canals built to connect Red Sea and Nile River 95% of the Egyptian people live on 5% of the land Annual flooding of the Nile

34. The Fertile Nile Valley What can you tell about the Egyptians from the picture?

35. Irrigation

36. Menes Unifier of Upper and Lower Egypt 3000 BCE 1 st Pharaoh

37. Ancient Egyptian Housing Middle Class Housing Peasant Homes

38. Daily Life

39. Social Hierarchy Women could own property and succeed to the throne

40. Pharoahs Queen Hatshepsut 1480 BCE Thutmose III Amenhotep “Akenaton” 1370 BCE

41. Akenaton “First Monotheist?” Said he was=to sun god Priests unhappy= Why?

42. Ramses Last Pharaoh Tutankhamen

43. Archaeologist Howard Carter 1922

44. Priestly Class

45. Scribe First scribes were priests

46. Papyrus = Paper Hieratic Scroll Piece Used to make rope, mats, sandals, baskets

47. Champollion and the Rosetta Stone 1799—French troops Stone commemorates visit of Greek Ambassador—written in hieroglyphics, hieratic, and Greek

48. Hieroglyphics 24 letters plus 700 phonetics Literacy needed in the bureaucracy to keep the records

49. Gods and Goddesses Osiris God of underworld IsisHorus

50. Book of the Dead A collection of hymns as a guide to the afterlife. Anubis weighs heart against feather

51. The Final Judgment Osiris, Anubis, Horus

52. Trade Routes Nile, Canals to Red Sea, Overland

53. Innovations Astronomy Hieroglyphics Math based on units of ten Medical texts

54. Hittites Beginning of Iron Age origin in present day Turkey 1900 BCE-1193 BCE Spoke wheeled chariots Iron Weapons

57. The Harappan Civilization 3300 BCE - 2400 BCE

58. Citadel of Mohenjo-Daro Grid layout

59. Aerial View of Mohenjo-Daro

60. Wide View, Mohenjo-Daro

61. Main Street, Mohenjo-Daro

62. pottery, Mohenjo-Daro

63. Bison Seal, Mohenjo-Daro

64. Necklace, Mohenjo-Daro

65. Public Well, Harappa

66. Unicorn Seal, Harappa

67. Burial Pottery, Harappa

68. Harappan Writing Undecipherable to date.

69. China’s History

70. Huang He River Shang Dynasty 1700-1027 BCE

71. Oracle Bones

73. Zhou 1028-771 BCE

74. Mandate of Heaven The Zhou justified taking over from the Shang by saying that they had lost divine approval to rule

75. Zhou Dynasty 1029-258 BCE Leaders/Traits Walled cities Trade routes between cities Mandate of Heaven Feudalism Philosophy Daoism –Laozi –500’s BCE Confucianism –Mencius –Analects –Chaotic government –522 BCE