2.  Militarism  Alliances  Imperialism  Nationalism

3.  All great powers had large standing military  Generals had detailed plans for mobilization  Ex) Germany’s Schlieffen Plan General Alfred Graf von Schlieffen

4.  Quickly defeat France then sweep to the east to defeat Russia (difficulty mobilizing)  Go through neutral Belgium

6. Triple Entente Triple Alliance Great Britain Germany France Austria-Hungary Russia Italy

8.  Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of A-H (June 28, 1914)  Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina  Gavrilo Princip – assassin  Germany gave unconditional support – “blank check”

9.  A-H’s harsh ultimatum to Serbia (July 23, 1914)  Serbia agreed to many, wanted to settle by international conference  A-H rejected (July 28, 1914 declared war)

10.  Chain reaction (1914)  Austria war on Serbia  Russia moving army to A-H & German borders  Aug. 1 – German gov’t war on Russia  Aug. 3 – Germany war on France  Aug. 4 – Great Britain war on Germany

11.  Brings Great Britain into the war  “Quickly defeat French then sweep to east to defeat Russia…”  Had to move through neutral Belgium – brought England into war Aug. 4, 1914

12.  By mid Aug. 1914 lines were drawn  Central Powers –  Germany & A-H  Bulgaria & Ottoman Empire (wanted land)  Allies –  Great Britain, France & Russia  Japan & Italy switched sides

13.  3 Theaters  Western Front – France – trench warfare  Eastern Front – Russia – 19 th cent. warfare  Southern Front – Balkans -

14.  Schlieffen Plan worked early but ultimately failed (French intelligence)  Sept. 6-10, Allies attacked NE of Paris (First Battle of Marne)  Sept. 13 – Germans were driven back 60 mi  1 of most imp. Events of the war – defeat of Germans meant the Schlieffen Plan failed

15.  By 1915 both sides dug miles of trenches  Space b/w sides “no man’s land”  New weapons did not mean faster war – only more efficient way to kill more ppl  Tanks, poison gas, larger artillery

16.  1916 – Germans attack on French – lost 300,000+ ea.  July 1916, English attacked Germans NW of Verdun - lost 500,000+ ea.  Total land gained: 4 mi(Germans) & 5 mi (British)

19.  Russians defeated Austrians twice in Sept. 1914  Dec. tide turned: Austrians w/ Germans drove Russians Eastward  Along German & Russian border  During 1914, Germans crushed Russians (Battle of Tannenberg)

20.  Russia not industrialized – lacked supplies & ports blocked  Asset for Russians: People  1915: 2mill+ died, wounded, captured  STILL ABLE TO REBUILD  Able to force Germany into 2-Front war

21.  Unrestricted submarine warfare  Germany attempted counter blockade  Sink any ships in water near Britain  Lusitania – British passenger ship sunk w/ 128 Americans  Zimmerman Note  Germany would help Mexico “re-conquer” lands  Keep U.S. distracted

23. KEEP THE WAR EFFORT GOING!!!  Centralization of power  Ex) Censorship  Economic regimentation  Ex) Rationing, production  Manipulation of public opinion (aka Propaganda)

25.  2 nd Battle of the Marne  30/40 mi outside Paris  140,000 U.S. soldiers  Nov. 9, 1918, Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates  Nov. 11, 1918: armistice

26.  Woodrow Wilson  United States  Georges Clemenceau  France  David Lloyd George  Great Britain  Vittorio Orlando  Italy

27.  14 Points: outlines plans for achieving just & long-lasting peace  14 th point: “general association of nations”  G.B & France limited agreement  Concern for national security  Wanted to punish Germany

28.  Germany punished  “War Guilt” Clause – Germany sole “guilt” & pay reparations  Restriction on German military  Lost territory  League of Nations – Germany & Russia excluded  New countries formed  Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary & Yugoslavia (Serbs, Croats & Slovenes)

31.  COST  8.5 million soldiers dead  21 million wounded  $338 billion  Destroyed acres of farmland/cities  Lost Generation  Despair can be seen in artwork

32.  Ushered in 1929 depression  New nation-states created  European nations turned to dictatorships  Russia, Italy & Germany  Impact on Women  Replaced men in factories, changed dress, suffrage

33.  “A Peace Built on Quicksand”  U.S. ultimately rejected it  Bitterness & hatred left in Germany  Ppl in colonies upset not independent  Italy/Japan upset – didn’t gain territory  Sets the stage for WWII