1. http://www. SWEETGRASS (1 of 2) (Muhlenbergia filipes) Poaceae – grass family http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/news/thisweek/images/sweetgrass.jpg http://charlestonsweetgrass.com/ http://commons.wikimedia.org/

2. SWEETGRASS (1 of 2) (Muhlenbergia filipes) http://www. Gullah basket weavers in lowcountry of NC & GA use techniques derived from West Africa http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/news/thisweek/images/sweetgrass.jpg http://charlestonsweetgrass.com/ http://www.ifcae.org/ntfp/databases/images/index.html

3. Formatting text as “small caps”

5. Plants and Markets / NTFPs http://www.extension.umn.edu/specializations/environment/images/wreath1.jpg www.iucn.org/.../images/Lao_pdr_ntfp_market.jpg Courtesy of Dr Terry Sutherland, http://www.handsontv.info/series5/ NTFP Market at Yaounde. Photo Michael Hailu http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/Regions/CAfrica/News/forests_food.htm

6. NTFP “Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are any product or service other than timber that is produced in forests. They include fruits and nuts, vegetables, fish and game, medicinal plants, resins, essences and a range of barks and fibres such as bamboo, rattans, and a host of other palms and grasses.” CIFOR – Center for International Forestry Research http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/Publications/Corporate/FactSheet/ntfp.htm

7. Examples of NTFPs * Aromatic plants * Bamboo * Charcoal * Dye plants * Fuel Wood * Honey * Medicinal plants * Mushrooms * Rattan (Calamus spp.) * Thatching and plaiting plant materials Econ. Bot. 2007 61(1):3-13

8. Why study NTFPs? Assess the value of what is being lost as forests are cut down (to advocate for conservation). Promote trade in NTFPs as a means for sustainable development to help improve livelihoods of poor people in these habitats. Assess the ecological effects of harvest on the harvested species and other species.

9. NTFP in tropical forests Gathered edibles: Brazil nuts, cashews, cupuaçu, many other fruits Rubber Bamboo, rattan Wood carving, fuelwood (vs. “non wood” forest products) http://www.css.cornell.edu/ecf3/Web/new/AF/pics/Cupuacu1a.jpg http://www.all-creatures.org/recipes/images/i-brazilnuts.jpg http://www.kew.org/plants/rubber.html

11. estimated value of fruit, latex, and sustainable selective cutting of timber compared to estimate of value of clear-cutting of timber at one time –calculated US$6,820/ha vs. ~US$1000/ha local, decentralized markets “ignored” (vs. timber) but did not include medicinal plants, lianas, small palms, and did not consider spoilage of fruit, etc. first such study – many others have followed up with modified methods

12. Econ. Bot. 2007 61(1):3-13

14. NTFPs in the USA WILD BERRY WINE Image by Kathryn A. Lynch assortment of wild berry wines from Minnesota Wild from locally gathered berries MUSHROOMS Image by Kathryn A. Lynch wild mushrooms and truffles stewardship harvesting practices. IFCAE Institute for Culture and Ecology http://www.ifcae.org/ntfp/databases/images/index.html

15. NTFPs in the USA TURPENTINE Image by Eric T. Jones The bark on this pine tree has been scarred for turpentine production. In the early 20th century the turpentine industry was a major part of the U.S. forest economy, but has since been mostly replaced by inexpensive imports and by-products produced in modern wood product mills. RAMPS Allium tricoccum Image by Eric T. Jones A field of ramps in Michigan. http://www.ifcae.org/ntfp/databases/images/index.html

16. NTFPs in the USA WREATHS Image by Eric T. Jones A wreath made by Flora Pacifica from locally gathered NTFPs near the southwestern Oregon coast SWEET GRASS Image by Kathryn A. Lynch Sweet grass has been harvested for centuries as a part of the traditional Gullah basketmaking culture in coastal South Carolina. http://www.ifcae.org/ntfp/databases/images/index.html

17. Issues to consider about NTFPs sustainability legal gathering rights market development / diversification transportation / spoilage value added locally impact of logging or grazing conservation of habitats ecological effects of harvest practices –see Ticktin paper in reading assignments

18. Effects of Market Integration Change in traditional practices Technology and agricultural intensification Crop diversity Over-harvesting and over-hunting Cash cropping  deforestation Researchers have debated whether indigenous peoples use renewable natural resources in a sustainable way and have found that, irrespective of traditional practices, increasing integration into the market and population pressure induce indigenous peoples to degrade renewable natural resources. (Godoy 2001, Godoy & al. 2005).

19. Effects of Market Integration Change in traditional practices Technology and agricultural intensification Crop diversity Over-harvesting and over-hunting Cash cropping  deforestation Researchers have debated whether indigenous peoples use renewable natural resources in a sustainable way and have found that, irrespective of traditional practices, increasing integration into the market and population pressure induce indigenous peoples to degrade renewable natural resources. (Godoy 2001, Godoy & al. 2005).

20. Otto Wilhelm Thomé: Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz (1885) http://www.ecoseeds.com/sweetgrass.htm l http://www.twofrog.com/swgrass.html SWEETGRASS (1) (Hierochlöe odorata) Poaceae – grass family

21. SWEETGRASS (1) (Hierochlöe odorata) Poaceae – grass family http://www.ecoseeds.com/nativenames.html http://www.sweetgrassbasketry.org/baskets.html http://www.mt.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/ecs/water/lid/bioswales.html

22. Tsimané villages (Vadez & al. 2004) As they integrate into the market economy, they: deforest more, expand the area under rice cultivation, sell more rice, intensify production by replanting more (with rice or with maize). But also: intercropped more, used more varieties of manioc, planted more different crops in fields.

23. Market economies and health: both + and – effects Reviewed in Godoy & al. 2005, Ann. Rev. Anthropology Potential positive effects of markets –opportunities to earn income –better nutrition –modern knowledge about illnesses –access to modern health care –formal schooling –modern medicines –new health technologies –$$ for goods and services (including health care and food)

24. Market economies and health: both + and – effects Reviewed in Godoy & al. 2005, Ann. Rev. Anthropology Potential adverse effects –↑sedentary lifestyle leads to ↓ hygiene as ↑ population density –↑ income may not lead to ↑ health is infrastructure unchanged –↑ $$$ may be used for luxuries, tobacco, alcohol –effect on “social capital” –perceptions of health affected by expectations