1. THE THIRTY YEARS WAR

2. Background  Beginning of the 17 th century  Dealt with religious differences between the Catholics and Protestants

3. Causes  Holy Roman Emperor tried to limit religious activities of Protestants  Formation of Protestant Union  Dynastic interests

4. Four Phases of War  Bohemian  Danish  Swedish  Frenc h

5. Bohemian Phase  Civil war between Catholics and Protestants  Catholics defeat Protestants in 1620  Battle of the White Mountain

6. Danish Phase  Named for Protestant King of Denmark  More Catholic victories  Albert of Wallenstein  Edict of Restitution  Reclaimed Protestant lands  Only Catholics and Lutherans could practice their religions

7. Swedish Phase  Protestants led by Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus  Got help from Cardinal Richelieu and France

8. French Phase  Catholic rebound  Richelieu declared war on Spain  Military and financial assistance

9. End of the War  Peace of Westphalia  Ended religious conflicts in Europe  Recognized independence of German princes  Added Calvinism to permissible faiths

10. Costs of the War  Population  Trade  Agriculture  Small farmers lost land

11. New Absolutist Governments  All about consolidating power  Faced some problems  Difficult to reach all people  Lack of information

12. Increased Authority  Greater taxation  Growth of armed forces  Bigger, better bureaucracies  Better able to get obedience from subjects