1. C. Johannesson Ch. 12 - Liquids & Solids III. Changes of State (p. 372 - 382)

2. C. Johannesson A. Phase Changes

3. C. Johannesson A. Phase Changes  Evaporation molecules at the surface gain enough energy to overcome IMF  Volatility measure of evaporation rate depends on temp & IMF

4. C. Johannesson A. Phase Changes Kinetic Energy # of Particles p. 477 Boltzmann Distribution tempvolatilityIMFvolatility

5. C. Johannesson A. Phase Changes  Equilibrium trapped molecules reach a balance between evaporation & condensation

6. C. Johannesson A. Phase Changes  Vapor Pressure pressure of vapor above a liquid at equilibrium IMFv.p.tempv.p. depends on temp & IMF directly related to volatility p.478 temp v.p.

7. C. Johannesson A. Phase Changes  Boiling Point temp at which v.p. of liquid equals external pressure IMFb.p.P atm b.p. depends on P atm & IMF Normal B.P. - b.p. at 1 atm

8. C. Johannesson  Which has a higher m.p.? polar or nonpolar? covalent or ionic? A. Phase Changes  Melting Point equal to freezing point polar ionic IMFm.p.

9. C. Johannesson A. Phase Changes  Sublimation solid  gas v.p. of solid equals external pressure  EX: dry ice, mothballs, solid air fresheners