2. Syntax, part 2 The way a sentence or phrase is arranged. Includes: Word order Sentence length Sentence focus Punctuation

3. Syntax builds meaning and purpose  Good writers make decisions about syntax because they know that effective word order and sentence structure will help them build meaning, purpose and effect with readers.  It will help them establish themselves as ethically credible writers.  It will influence the readers’ emotions and interests.

4. Category: Syntax of Omission/Substitution

5. Euphemism/Dysphemism  Euphemism- The substitution of an offensive term with one that is considered less offensive (dysphemism= opposite). Living together = shacking up Freedom fighter = terrorist or guerilla Pro-choice = murderer or baby killer Pro-life = brainwashed conservative

6. Omission  Ellipsis is any omission of word(s), the meaning of which is provided by the overall context of the passage.  “An artist’s instinct is intuitive, not rational…aesthetic, not pragmatic.“  Asyndeton is the deliberate omission of conjunctions between words, phrases, and related clauses. (usually before the last item in a list—hurried rhythm)  “I came, I saw, I conquered.”

8. Category: Syntax of Repetition

9. Anaphora The repetition of the same group of words at the beginning of successive clauses. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields... (Winston Churchill)

10. Martin Luther King, “I have a Dream” I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, sons of former slaves and former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed... I have a dream...

11.  If you want to be important, wonderful! If you want to be recognized, wonderful! If you want to be great, wonderful! But recognize that he who is greatest among you shall be your servant.” MLK Jr.

12. Epistrophe It is repetition of the same group of words at the end of a clause, sentence, or verse.  What lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny compared to what lies within us.“

13. Remember the day I borrowed your brand new car, and I dented it? I thought you’d kill me, but you didn’t. And remember the time I dragged you to the beach, and you said it would rain, and it did? I thought you’d say, “I told you so,” but you didn’t. Do you remember the time I flirted with all the guys to make you jealous and you were? I thought you’d leave me, but you didn’t. Do you remember the time I spilled strawberry pie all over your car rug? I thought you’d hit me, but you didn’t. And remember the time I forgot to tell you that the dance was formal, and you showed up in jeans. I thought you’d drop me, but you didn’t. Yes, there were lots of things you didn’t do. But you put up with me, and you loved me, and you protected me. There were lots of things I wanted to make up to you when you returned from Vietnam. But you didn’t. (1982, 75-76)

14. Example From “The Tell Tale Heart” by Poe I talked more quickly—more vehemently; but the noise steadily increased. I arose and argued about trifles, in a high key with gesticulations, but the noise steadily increased. Why would they not be gone? I paced the floor to and fro with heavy strides, as if excited to fury by the observation of the men—but the noise steadily increased. (1938, 306)

16. Chiasmus  Another scheme that looks a great deal like antithesis is chiasmus (Key-ahs-muss). It is a repetition of words, in successive clauses, in reverse grammatical order.  You can take the kid out of the country, but you can't take the country out of the kid.

17. Another example “ Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.” (John F. Kennedy).

18. Chiasmus “Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.”-JFK “When the going gets tough, the tough get going.” “The world is divided into governments who own the people, and people who own the government.”- Churchill

19. Polysyndenton  It is the repetition of conjunctions in a series of coordinate words, phrases, or clauses.  The repeated use of "nor" or "or" emphasizes alternatives;  repeated use of "but" or "yet" stresses qualifications;  repeated use of “and” gives the impression of endlessness  We have not power, nor influence, nor money, nor authority...  And him?" and he said, "I don't know who killed him but he's dead all right," and it was dark and there was water standing in the street and no lights

20. An example And Ali, gloves to his head, elbows to his ribs, stood and swayed and was rattled and banged and shaken like a grasshopper at the top of a reed when the wind whips, and the ropes shook and swung like sheets in a storm... Norman Mailer