1. Nicolas Cantarero Environmental Studies Chemistry Emphasis

4. Metal Highly Toxic Gasoline, paint, pipes, solder, bullets Gold and silver Fall of Rome Why lead?

5. Durable Corrosion resistance Expands with water Freeze-thaw cycle Easily reparable Easy/cheap to make Highly malleable Easy to smelt

6. Leaches into water from corroded plumbing materials and water service lines Especially if water has been sitting in tap for more than 6 hours Monitored by EPA under SDWA (1974) Lead ban came into effect in 1992

7. SDWA sets maximum contaminant levels MCL for Lead is 15 ppb (too low for Flame AA) 2006 Annual Drinking Water Report: 5 ppb City wide average Can be misleading Low income neighborhoods

8. Short Term Effects:  Red blood cell interference  Delays in normal physical/mental development in children  Deficit in attention span  Increase in blood pressure  Hearing deficiencies Long Term Effects:  Short term effects  Stroke  Kidney Disease  Cancer

9. Absorbs into red blood cells and plasma Redistributes into bones and soft tissue Long residence time in bones and tissue, 10 year biological half-life Neurotoxin

10. Synthesize Hydroxyapatite

11. Mineral Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 Makes up 70% of our bones Calcium hydroxide and phosphoric acid 10Ca(OH) 2 + 6H 3 PO 4 Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 + 18H 2 O Very cheap to make High surface area Binds well to lead

12. Once Hydroxyapatite is synthesized bind with the lead Column (1g HA) Dissolve in Nitric acid (Conc/10%) Run on Flame AA Make standards (15 ppb) Compare unknown to standards

13. Laminar flow burner Air-acetylene flame Hollow cathode lamp (Pb) 283.3 nm Detection Limit.1 mg/L

15. SamplePpb Corrected 116.5 Corrected 24.83 Corrected 319.7 Corrected 424.8

16. SamplePpb

17. Sensitive Accurate Cost Per sample Instrument Speed Ease and availability of equipment Skill of operator required