1. Novel and Film: Hybrid Forms Both the novel and film are relatively recent art forms that developed by actively incorporating preceding forms.

2. The Novel The novel, as we know it in English, didn’t begin to appear until the early to mid-18 th century. A voracious form of writing, it developed by gobbling up and incorporating elements of just about every preexisting literary form. For instance....

3. * Letters—giving us epistolary novels such as The Color Purple and Les Liaisons Dangereuses Both novels have been filmed, of course—Les Liaisons Dangereuses 13 times, including as the immortal...

4. Tell your friends, “Ah, yes, Cruel Intentions, based on the lusty, 18 th - century epistolary novel by Pierre-Ambroise Françoise Choderlos de Laclos.”... Anyway. Moving on—more literary forms which fed the novel’s development include...

5. * Histories--giving us historical novels such as... Another novel filmed numerous times, incidentally.

6. * Travel Writing--giving us picaresque novels such as... The root of picaresque is “picaro,” Spanish for “rogue.” The picaresque novel (which originated in Spain) features a generally lovable rascal, who usually recounts his/her adventures in the first person..... We also have...

7. * Autobiography--think first person novels like...

8. * Biography. Two very specific types of biographical novel are the bildungsroman (German: “novel of formation,” basically a coming-of-age novel) and the künstlerroman (also German: a novel of the artist’s development), such as this one by James Joyce: For the record, David Copperfield (prev. slide) is also considered a bildungsroman. Moving on, we also have...

9. * Manifestoes (think political novels), religious tracts, narrative/epic poetry, fables, tales (think fantasy novels), medieval romances, and so on. Great political novel/great political thriller.

10. The impulse to present a novel as something else can be seen in some of the earliest novels in English. Moll Flanders (1722) by Daniel Defoe is an autobiographical/picaresque novel about a woman who’s a thief and eventually a convict.

11. Pamela (1740) by Samuel Richardson An epistolary novel (remember, novel of letters)

12. Joseph Andrews (1742) by Henry Fielding A picaresque novel that purports to be by the brother of Samuel Richardson’s Pamela. (Where did the picaresque novel originate? See slide 6 again if you forget.)

13. It should be noted that many contemporary novelists, such as Don DeLillo and Paul Auster, have incorporated elements of screenplay writing and film terminology in their work.

14. Film As noted, film, too, has developed by incorporating preexisting art forms, including: * Painting (compositional and lighting techniques, use of color) * Still photography * Dance/choreography * Architecture (set and scenic design) * Music * Drama * And, of course, narrative literature such as the novel

15. Think, for instance, about how important architecture has been to film throughout its history. Metropolis (1927), directed by Fritz Lang (who began his career studying architecture) Dr. Strangelove, or How I Stopped Worrying and Learned to Love the Bomb (1964), directed by Stanley Kubrick

16. Or consider the critical importance to film of techniques used to handle light and color that were learned from painting and photography: American Beauty (1999), directed by Sam Mendes

17. In summary, both the novel and film should be clearly seen as acquisitive, evolving forms of art that are built upon the borrowing and sharing of techniques. Neither is a “pure” form of art.