1. Kingdoms and States of Africa

2. Section 2. West African Empires and civilizations

3. Ghana

4. Controlled Gold, Iron and Salt Trade in the Savanna

5. Trade carried by Berbers

6. Rulers converted to Islam

7. Fatally damaged by Almoravids (Muslims)

8. Mali

9. Replaced Ghana as regional power

10. Greatest Ruler: Mansa Musa

11. Established city of Timbuktu

12. Great center of learning and trade

13. Mosque in Timbuktu today

14. Songhai Led by Sunni Ali, conquered Mali

15. Kingdom extended by Muhammad Ture

16. 1591 Moroccan army with cannon crossed the desert and wiped out Songhai army

17. Other West African nations

18. Benin-- began trade with Portuguese in 1480’s

19. Hausa--city-states from 1000-1200 Yoruba--city-states from 1100-1600

20. Eastern City-states and southern empires

21. East Coast trade cities

22. Powerful city-states did trade with Asia

23. Swahili traders

24. Great Cities: Mogadishu, Mombasa, Kilwa

25. Southern Africa and Great Zimbabwe

26. Stateless Societies Until 11 th Century most people in the South lived in Stateless Societies

27. No centralized power. Instead, power was balanced among lineage (extended family) groups usually within villages

28. Great Zimbabwe

29. Founded by Shona people in modern Zimbabwe around 1000 Became wealthy through gold trade

30. Abandoned around 1450

31. left great stone ruins

32. Section 3. African Society and Culture

34. Greatest loyalty to lineage (extended family) and clan Hampered nation- building

35. The Role of Women Subservient to men Lineage based on mother: matrilineal Women could inherit property

36. Slavery

37. Slavery was common throughout Africa Usually captured in wars, debtors or criminals

38. Not based on race Slaves not necessarily seen as inferior

39. Religion Monotheists, polytheists, animists (worship of nature spirits) Diviners (could foretell events

40. Ancestor worship Afterlife as long as lineages perform rituals

41. Islam existed along with other beliefs Islam became Africanized

43. Sources 4. Atlas of World History.Noel Grove. National Geographic 1997 19. TransparencyWest Pub.. 1998 20. TransparencyMcDougall Littell. 1999 22. Transparency D. C. Heath 25. World History, Patterns of Interactions. Beck, Black et. al..McDougall Littell. 1999 61.www.virginia.edu/history/coursea/fall.98/ hiaf201/imagearchive

44. In North Africa, two groups of Muslim reformers founded empires.

45. 1. 11th Cent. Almoravids controlled modern Mauritania, Morocco and part of Spain

46. 2. Mid 1100’s Almohads took over Morocco, and part of Spain

47. Travels of Ibn Battuta

48. Ibn battuta-- Muslim Marco polo. Travelled 27 years, visiting almost all Muslim countries. Greatly impressed with Mali

49. Benin Salt Cellar

50. Mali, Songhai, Ghana

51. Namibian Desert

53. Mask from Zaire

58. Iron-Age terracotta mask from Nigeria Mask was smashed during ceremonies

61. Funerary head from Ghana

62. Salt miner

64. Oldest City 250 BC

65. Salt cellar from Benin