2. 1. Mother Country: A state that possesses colonies or territories outside its own territories. 2. Colony: A territory subjected to the control of a foreign state, which exploits its resources. 3. Mercantilism: An economic theory intended to enrich the mother country.

3. 4. Evangelization: To spread the ideas of a religion. 5. Convert: to cause to adopt a different religion. 6. Monopoly: The exclusive exploitation of a resource by one individual or one chartered company.

4. 1. European traders would travel to the far east to bring back valuable goods. This journey involved a number of risks. What were some of these initial risks? Long, dangerous journeys High mountains Hot deserts Raging rivers Threat of robbers or pirates (at sea) 2. Why did European countries have to find a new trade route to Asia? Constantinople was captured by the Turkish armies.

5. 3. What are 3 reasons for European exploration during the late 15 th century? Find a new sea route to Asia Find gold & riches Find land Spread Christianity Power Fame

6. 4. What new technologies made early exploration possible? Caravel Compass Astrolabe Muskets Canons 5. What two resources did early explorers exploit when they first came to North America? Fish Catholics ate fish every Friday Whales Whale blubber was used to fuel lamps

7. 6. Who is Jacques Cartier A famous French explorer, mapmaker & navigator. 7. What are 3 reasons for why France sent Jacques Cartier to explore? To find a new route to Asia To claim land for the King To find gold and riches

8. 8. List two important thing Cartier did on each of his voyages. Voyage One – 1534  Claimed New France for the King of France  Made contact with the natives Voyage Two – 1535  Explored and mapped the St. Lawrence River  He reached Hochelaga (Montreal) and spent the winter in Stadacona (Quebec)  Learnt to combat scurvy from the natives  Learnt survival skills from the natives

9. Voyage Three – 1541 › Came here with missionaries to evangelize the natives and set up a permanent colony › He failed to set up a colony due to:  France’s preoccupation with the war in Europe  Disagreements with Roberval  Inability to attracts settlers due to the long voyage, harsh climate, conflicts with the natives…

10. 9. Who is Samuel de Champlain? He is a famous explorer, navigator and mapmaker. His nickname is “The Father of New France.”

11. 10.What is the difference between a settlement colony and a trading colony? Trading ColonyColony of Settlement Based on the exploitation of a single resource Goal is to enrich the mother country Sparsely populated Chartered company rule with monopoly privileges Diversified economy Development similar to France Permanent, independent and diversified population (merchants, farmers, priests, soldiers) Governed by administrators responsible to the King

12. 1. Why was the church interested in settling New France? How did plan to achieve their goals? They wanted to evangelize the natives They hoped to achieve this by living amongst the native population, learning their language and by building churches and schools in the colony

13. 2. What role did the church play in New France? What were they in charge of? The church played a very significant role in New France since:  They had a big influence on the people  They ran a number of important institutions and offered services in the colony 1.Schools 2.Hospitals 3.Orphanages 4.Charities 5.Worship services 6.Social events

14. 1. What was the seigneurial system? Draw a diagram of what it looked like. A system of land division used to promote the settlement of New France. 2. Who distributed the seigneuries? Who received them? The Company of 100 Associates distributed the seigneuries. The nobles, bourgeois, administrators, officers or religious orders received them.

15. 3. Describe the layout and draw a simple diagram of what it looked like. (include the lots, the river, the Church, the pasture, the mill and the roads. Seigneuries were laid out into long, rectangular lots that were perpendicular to the river Farm buildings were close to one another along the road Church, mill, pasture could be found on the seigneury

16. Farm lots church roads Mill Farm buildings

17. 4. What were 3 rights and duties of the Seigneur? DutiesRights Be faithful to the King Keep an account of the seigneury Bring in settlers and clear land Pay a tax if he sold the seigneury Build a church on the seigneury Pay church taxes Grant concessions (farm lots) Build a mill for the censitarires Have roads built Hold a court to settle minor disputes A special pew (seat) at the front of the Church 3-4 days of free labour a year A fee for animal grazing on the common pasture A portion of the wheat milled by the Censitaires A portion of the fish caught by the Censitaires A portion of the value of the land if a lot was sold The right to repossess land if it was not used Annual taxes

18. 5. What were 3 rights and duties of the Censitaire? DutiesRights To clear trees from his lot and grow crops on it To give 3-4 days of free labour to the Seigneur each year To grind his grain into flour at the seigneur’s mill To maintain the road past his lot in good condition To pay homage to the Seigneur To pay church taxes To give seigneur the first chance to buy his land if he wanted to sell it To be granted land by the seigneur To be able to use the local mill To be able to use the common pasture To be protected by the seigneur To keep his profits To sell his land or leave it to his family

19. 6. How did the Seigneurial System promote population growth? Seigneurs were motivated to attract many settlers to New France, since they would profit from having a full seigneurie. The censitaires would pay them in the form of crops, taxes, grain.

20. 7. Who benefitted from this system? The King benefited since it was a cheap, efficient way to divided the land of New France The Censitaires gained land and a way to provide for their families The seigneur gained profit from their tenants/censitaires

21. 1. What types of people were coming to New France before 1663? What attracted them to New France? Mostly men were coming to New France before 1663; they were attracted by the fur trade. 2. Why was the population of New France so small initially? The fur trade attracted mostly men Immigration was discouraged by the following: Climate Long, dangerous voyage Threat of native attacks

22. 3. Who sent to New France to improve population growth? What position did he have? Jean Talon was the first intendant of New France sent to the colony to encourage settlement

23. 4. What immigrant groups did Jean Talon encourage to settle in New France? What attracted each group to the colony; GROUPSATTRACTION NEW FRANCE EngagesHired workers(poor men) who agreed to come for three years. Their voyage, room and board was usually paid for. SoldiersMen came with the Carignan Salieres regiment. Usually offered seigneuries to stay in New France after their term was over. Filles du RoiOrphan women sent be married and to relieve the shortage of women in the colony. They were given a chance to start over and have a family. Minor CriminalsSmugglers, poachers came here to avoid prison and start fresh. FarmersPoor peasants in France came here for land to live on and grow crops for their families.

24. 5. What did he do to help immigration? He encouraged natural growth through the below measures. POLICIES TO IMPROVE NATURAL GROWTH/BABIES PAYMENTS MADE TO COUPLES WHO MARRIED YOUNG FATHERS OF UNMARRIED GIRLS AGED 17 OR OVER WERE FINED UNMARRIED MEN AGED 21 OR OVER WERE FINED, BANNED FROM THE FUR TRADE FAMILY ALLOWANCES GIVEN TO BIG FAMILIES

25. 6. Describe what daily life was like in New France. People in New France were self-dependent: they produced everything they needed themselves Grew crops Made clothes Made furniture Made their homes Their daily lives depended on the season: In summer they grew crops, in winter they worked on other tasks and more relaxing activities Homes: Had thick walls, double windows Some had fireplaces Roofs were made to insulate the home Verandas to keep home cool in summer

26. 1. How can mercantilism be applied to the fur trade?  Furs are obtained from the colony  The furs are manufactured into fur coats, hats…in France  The coats and hats are sold for profit, enriching the mother country

27. 2. Why were furs in such high demand in Europe?  Fur coats and hats were very fashionable in Europe  Furs were becoming scarce in Europe

28. 3. What were the roles/positions in the fur trade? What did each job entail? JobResponsibility Coureur de boisSettlers who traveled through the forest to trade with the native people for furs. VoyageursTransported furs to Montreal and Quebec from trading posts in the west. TradersFinanced the expeditions, brought goods to be traded with First nations for furs. MerchantsSold furs for profit

29. 4. How did the fur trade impact the territory of New France?  The territory expanded  It created the first permanent settlement 5. Name 3 ways the French influenced the Aboriginals? New Food: bread, peas, salt, brandy Clothing: woollen cloth, blankets, hats, shirts Tools: knives, axes, saws, cooking pots, iron arrowheads Other: Christianity was imposed on the natives, alcohol, and diseases like measles, smallpox, and influenza

30. 6. Name 3 ways the Aboriginals influenced the French? New Food: corn, pumpkins, maple syrup, meat from forest animals New Clothing: Warmer clothing, moccasins Transportation: canoes, snowshoes, toboggans Other: Tobacco, medication from plants, skills to survive the winter, the French learnt native language & customs

31. 1. Who controled New France before 1663? What did they promise in exchange for this privilege? The Company of 100 Associates They promised to settle the colony 2. What type of government did King Louis XIV set up in 1663? Why did he do this? He set up the Royal Government of New France. The Company of 100 Associates failed to meet their settlement obligations; as a result the King wanted to take direct control of the colony.

32. 3. What is an absolute monarchy? When the King/one person holds all the power 4. What were the responsibilities of each group/administrator in the Royal Government? Group/AdministratorResponsibilities KingHe held all powers and appointed ministers Minister of marine/Naval MinisterResponsible for all French colonies Governor Represented the King in the colony External affairs, defense, military offensives IntendantInternal affairs, police, military supplies, justice, police, finance, economic development, settlement Bishop All religious matters Militia Captain Setting up a milita Conveyed civil and military orders from the leaders to the people

33. King GovernorIntendantBishop Militia Captain People Sovereign Council 5.5.

34. 6. Did the population of New Franc have any political power? The general population had no political power, since they had no say in who administered the colony. All ministers were appointed by the absolute monarch, NOT elected by the people.