1. Skeletal Joints and Articulations How our body is organized to move so complex

2. Joint Classification Synarthrosis- non moving joints found within the skull, teeth and jaw, and epiphyseal cartilage. Amphiarthrosis- semi-moveable joints found within the ribs, vertebrae, pubic bones and pelvis. Diarthrosis- moveable joints known as synovial joints that have various ranges of motion based upon structure. Elbow, Knee, wrist, ankle, neck, back fingers, toes, hip, and shoulder.

3. Aspects of a synovial joint Synovial fluid- viscous fluid like molasses that provides 3 functions. Lubrication from compression- it reduces friction Nutrient Distribution circulates nutrients and picks up waste every time the joint is in motion Shock Absorption cushions joints when subjected to compression. Distributes shock evenly within the joint.

4. Other synovial joint structures Cartilage/Fat Pads- meniscus is a pad of cartilage that cushions opposing bones. Fat pads- fill in the spaces of a joint as it changes in shape due to movement. Ligaments- Intrinsic ligaments are localized thickening of the joint capsule, while extrinsic ligaments are on the outside to give support to the joint. A sprain is the stretching of the ligaments where small tears can occur. Usually the bone will break before ligaments tear because healing is much quicker.

5. More synovial structures Tendons- although not really part of articulation, tendons can limit the movement of a joint and help in it’s support. Bursae- fluid filled pockets that hold synovial fluid. They cushion and reduce shock to the joint.

6. Joint Types Gliding Joints- Relatively flat surfaces slide across one another but the amount of movement is slight Hinge Joint- permit an angular motion in a single plane like a door Pivot joint- only permit rotation in a mono-axial plane Ellipsoidal Joint- oval articulation nestles in a depression which allows for angular motion along and across the length of the oval Saddle Joint- fit like a saddle on a horse which allows for angular motion and circumduction but prevents rotation Ball-and -socket joint- round head fits into a cup shape depression to allow for any articulation

7. GLIDING JOINT ELLIPSOIDAL JOINT HINGE JOINT SADDLE JOINT PIVOT JOINT BALL-AND-SOCKET

11. Construction of the Human Forearm and Hand On a blank sheet of paper 1.) Use your phone to see the make up of the elbow, wrist, thumb, hand and fingers (Also found in the text) 2.) Draw and label the type of joint between each bone and articulation that is available do to the arrangement 3.) With a partner use the wood, string and any other equipment to create what you have found through research and have drawn. 4.) Rubric score will be given based upon the correct size differential between the bones, accuracy of the joint and ligament attachments, and articulation ability of the joint.