1. Regarding Enlarged L.N. Answer The Following: Name The Disease Name Causative Agent

2. CLOSTRIDIUM SPECIES BACTERIOLOGY LECTURES BY DR. ZINA ALSHAMI

3. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Large, gram-positive rods Endospores produced Anaerobic, catalase-negative and oxidase-negative Motile (except C. Perfringens) Enriched media required for growth Colonies of C. Perfringens surrounded by zones of double haemolysis P resent in soil, in alimentary tracts of animals and in faeces P athogens can be grouped according to the mode and sites of action of their potent exotoxins: – Neurotoxic clostridia – Histotoxic clostridia – Enteropathogenic and enterotoxaemia-producing clostridia produce diverse forms of disease in many animal species

4. CLASSIFICATION

5. Neurotoxic Clostridia

7. NEUROTOXIC CLOSTRIDIA:

11. SYMPTOMS 1- SEVER PAINFL SPASM 2- RIGIDITY OF VOLUNTARY MUSCLES 3- DIFFICULTY OF SWALLOWING 4- DEATH FOLLOWS DUE TO INABILITY TO BREATH

12. CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM it produces neurotoxins, which are inactivated by boiling for up to 20 minutes uncommon form of disease in animals can occurs when spores germinate in wounds or in the intestinal tract and it is called toxico-infectious botulism.

13. ENDOSPORES

14. Minimum lethal dose for mouse killing= 10 pg of toxin Hydrolysis of SNARE proteins causes irreversible interference with the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine resulting in flaccid paralysis. Death results from paralysis of respiratory muscles. botulinum toxin remains at the neuromuscular junction.

16. CLINICAL SIGNS Incoordination and knuckling of the fetlocks is followed by flaccid paralysis and recumbency. body temperature remains normal and affected animals are alert. In birds, there is progressive flaccid paralysis which initially affects legs and wings. paralysis of muscles of the neck (limber- neck)

17. TREATMENT AND CONTROL polyvalent antiserum to neutralize unbound toxin early in the course of disease. Tetraethylamide and guanidine hydrochloride i/v, to enhance transmitter release at neuromuscular junctions. mildly affected animals often recover over a period of weeks without therapy. vaccination of cattle with toxoid in endemic regions in south Africa and Australia. suspect foodstuffs should not be fed to domestic animals.

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