1. The Reformation

2. The Church’s Problems  Popes spend lots on money, personal pleasures, and wars  Too busy with “worldly affairs” to pay attention to spiritual duties  Priests/monks poorly educated – cant read never mind teach people  Others marry, gamble or drink

3. Martin Luther vs. Johann Tetzel  Luther monk – wants to be good Christian not lead religious revolution  Tetzel raising money to rebuilt St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome by selling indulgences  Indulgences weren’t supposed to affect God’s right to judge but…Tetzel telling people that they can buy their way into heaven

4. 95 Theses  Oct 31, 1517 in Wittenberg  95 formal statements attaching the “pardon-merchants”  Begins Reformation – leads to founding of Christian churches that don’t accept pope’s authority

5. Luther & The Reformation  Luther wants full reformation of the Church  Three main ideas: Win salvation only by faith in God’s gift of forgiveness – faith and “good works” needed for salvation Church teaches based on words of the Bible – pope & church traditions false authorities All people in faith were equal – don’t need priests to interpret bible for them

6. Church’s Response  Luther suggests Christians drive pope from Church by force…Rome acts  1520: Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther unless he takes it back  Luther refuses – throws excommunication decree into fire

7. Holy Roman Emperor’s Response  1521 in Worms Emperor Charles V puts Luther on trial  Edict of Worms Luther is outlaw & heretic No one can give him shelter or food in the Empire His books are to be burned

8. Lutherans  Luther discovers his ideas put into practice  Priests called ministers & dress in ordinary clothes  Services said in German vs. Latin  Some are married (Luther teaches they are free to wed) Total population 73.8 million Regions with significant populations GermanyGermany 12.9 million United States7.5 million Sweden6.8 million Indonesia5.6 million Tanzania5.3 million Ethiopia5.3 million Finland4.5 million Denmark4,492,216 Norway4,013,362 Madagascar3,000,000 Netherlands2,100,000 Nigeria2,050,000 India1,918,639 Namibia1,111,093 Papua New Guinea1,049,455 Brazil951,466 South Africa666,636

9. Peasants’ Revolt of 1524  Apply Luther’s reform ideas to society  Call for end to serfdom – raid monasteries, pillaging & burning  Luther horrified & urges princes to show peasants no mercy  100,000 massacred  Peasants reject his religious leadership

10. Peace of Augsburg (1555)  Emperor Charles V goes to war against Protestant princes in Germany  Fails to force them back to Catholic Church  Tired of fighting – all Protestant & Catholic princes come together  Each German states’ religion will be determined by its ruler

11. England Becomes Protestant  Henry VIII needs male heir  Wants to divorce – Church doesn’t allow divorce but pope can annul if he can prove it was never legal  1527: pope says no to annul – doesn’t want to offend Emperor Charles V (wife’s nephew)  1529 changes England’s religion to Parliament  Marriage annulled & marries Anne Boleyn

12. Anglican Church of England  England back to Catholic under Mary’s rule – kills many protestants  Back to Protestant under Elizabeth  Only legal church in England  Attend or pay a fine  Elizabeth is made head of Church of England (aka Anglican Church)

13. Calvinism (Another Protestant Church)  People sinful by nature  God chooses very few people to save – has known from beginning who will be saved (predestination)

14. Anabaptists  Only adults can decide to be baptized  Church & state should be separate  Refuse to fight in wars  Share possessions  Catholics & Protestants persecute them – viewed as radicals who threaten society  Become Mennonites & Amish and influence Quakers & Baptists

15. Catholic Reformation  1522 Ignatius believes daily meditation, prayer & study cleanses the soul  1540 pope makes Ignatius’ followers religious order called Society of Jesus (aka Jesuits)  Three main activities of Jesuits: Superb schools; teachers focus on classical studies & theology Convert non-Christians to Catholicism – send out missionaries Stop Protestantism from spreading

16. Council of Trent  Pope Paul III takes 4 important steps towards reform Council of cardinals to investigate indulgence selling Approves Jesuit order Uses Inquisition to seek out & punish heresy in papal territory Calls for Council of Trent

17. Council of Trent  Church’s interpretation of Bible is final  Christians need faith & good works for salvation – not saved by faith alone  Bible & Church tradition equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life  Indulgences were valid expressions of faith (bans false selling though)