1. By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com Copyright ® Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman

2. Labor Relation/Industrial Relation By Dr. Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman Assistant Professor HEC Approved Ph.D. Supervisor Academician, Trainer and Consultant PhD, MA Eng., MPM, MBA, MEd, LLB, E-mail: drziaemail@gmail.comdrziaemail@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.com Lecture 4 – Collective Bargaining

3.  The negotiation, administration, and interpretation of a written agreement between two parties, at least one of which represents a group that is acting collectively, that covers a specific period of time. Collective Bargaining By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com

4. Objective and Scope of Collective Bargaining  Contracts must be acceptable to management, union representatives and union membership.  Four issues appear in all labor contracts. (The first three are mandated by the Wagner Act)  wages  hours  terms and conditions of employment  grievance procedure Collective Bargaining By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com

5. Collective Bargaining Participants  Management is represented by senior management for industrial relations, corporate executives and company lawyers  In small companies, the president typically represents the company. Collective Bargaining By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com

6. Collective Bargaining Participants  Union bargaining teams include an officer of the local union, local shop stewards and representation from the international/national union.  Government watches to ensure rules are followed.  Financial institutions set limits on the cost of the contract Collective Bargaining

7. The Collective Bargaining Process  Preparing to negotiate  Fact-gathering: Includes internal information (e.g., employee performance records, overtime) and external (i.e., data on what similar organizations are doing and the economy).  Goal-setting: Management decides what it can expect from the negotiation.  Strategy development: This includes assessing the other side’s power and tactics. Collective Bargaining

8.  The Collective Bargaining Process Collective Bargaining

9. Negotiating at the bargaining table  Each side usually begins by publicly demanding more than they are willing to accept.  More realistic assessments and compromises take place behind closed doors.  After oral agreement, a written contract is submitted to the union for ratification. Collective Bargaining

10.  Contract administration refers to the implementation, interpretation and monitoring of the negotiated contract between labor and management.  Information dissemination includes helping staff and workers understand the new contract provisions.  Implementing refers to making the changes to comply with contract terms. Collective Bargaining

11. Interpreting the contract and grievance resolution  Grievance procedures are specified in the contract and outline the steps for resolving complaints as quickly as possible by starting at the lowest level with the immediate supervisor. Collective Bargaining

12. Interpreting the contract and grievance resolution  Grievance (rights) arbitration is typically the final step in the grievance process  Disputes that cannot be resolved are resolved by an arbitrator, or third party, whose decision is final. Collective Bargaining By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com

13. Sample Grievance Procedure Collective Bargaining By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com

14. Monitoring  Both union and management keep track of how effective the current contract is and any need for changes. Collective Bargaining By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com

15. Failure to Reach Agreement  Strikes versus lockouts  Economic strikes - labor and management cannot reach agreement before the current contract expires.  Wildcat strikes - unauthorized and illegal strikes that occur because of worker dissatisfaction during an existing contract.  Lockouts - when organizations deny unionized workers access to their jobs during an impasse. Collective Bargaining By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com

16. Failure to Reach Agreement  Impasse-Resolution Techniques: Used when labor and management cannot reach agreement.  Conciliation and mediation involve a third party to either keep negotiations going or make non-binding settlement recommendations.  Fact-finding involves a neutral third-party who conducts a hearing and recommends a non-binding settlement. Collective Bargaining By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com

17. Interest arbitration  Involves a panel of one neutral, one management and one union representative who hear testimony and render a decision to settle a contract negotiation dispute.  Primarily in public-sector bargaining.  Binding only if there is unanimous agreement. Collective Bargaining By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com

18. Union membership: Where have the members gone?  Union membership in the U.S. reached a high of 36% in the early 1940s; there has been a steady decline since then. Critical Issues for Unions Today By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com

19. Union membership: Where have the members gone?  Reasons for decline in membership include:  new concerns of a growing middle-class  greater diversity of the work force  growth of the service sector  diminished financial resources of unions  anti-union pressures resulting from increased competitiveness  layoffs of large numbers of union workers  hiring of replacement workers for strikers Critical Issues for Unions Today By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com

20. Union membership: Where have the members gone?  Unions are changing some of their organizing tactics and may currently be gaining public support.  They also are placing more emphasis on the service sector. Critical Issues for Unions Today By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com

21. Labor-Management Cooperation  Some unions recognize that they can gain more by cooperating with management rather than fighting.  The Electromation Inc. case illustrates the potential legal difficulties of cooperative efforts: The NLRB ruled that employee committees were an unfair labor practice. Critical Issues for Unions Today By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com

22. Public-Sector Unionization  Membership of government workers in unions has increased from 11% in 1970 to nearly 38% in 2002.  Public sector labor relations differs from private sector labor relations.  Sunshine laws in some states mandate that labor-management negotiations be open to the public. Critical Issues for Unions Today By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com

23. Unionizing the Nontraditional Employee  New targets for unionization include service, government and management workers.  As restructuring, delayering and de-jobbing change economic conditions of workers, interest in unions may grow, as exemplified by the successful unionization of health care workers. Critical Issues for Unions Today By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com

24. Differing Perspectives Toward Labor Relations  Countries differ in their labor relations histories, government involvement, and public acceptance of labor unions.  The labor relations function for international companies is more likely to be centralized with the parent company when domestic sales are larger than those overseas. International Labor Relations By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com

25. The European Community  Brings together a dozen or more labor relations systems.  Countries wishing to do business in Europe must keep up with changing labor legislation. International Labor Relations By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com By: Prof. Dr. M. Zia-ur-Rehman, scholarknowledge@gmail.comscholarknowledge@gmail.com