1. CNAP @ VCC Semester 1 CHAPTER 11

2. CNAP @ VCC  Content Layer 3 Devices ARP concept Network layer services Routed and routing protocols Protocol analyzer

3. CNAP @ VCC LAYER 3 DEVICES AND NETWORK TO NETWORK COMMUNICATION

4. CNAP @ VCC  Internetworking

5. CNAP @ VCC  Path determination Path determination is the process that the router uses to choose the next hop in the path for the packet to travel to its destination based on the link bandwidth, hop, delay...

6. CNAP @ VCC  Router A router is a type of internetworking device that passes data packets between networks, based on Layer 3 addresses. A router has the ability to make intelligent decisions regarding the best path for delivery of data on the network.

7. CNAP @ VCC  IP addresses IP addresses are implemented in software, and refer to the network on which a device is located. IP addressing scheme, according to their geographical location, department, or floor within a building. Because they are implemented in software, IP addresses are fairly easy to change.

8. CNAP @ VCC  Router and Bridge

9. CNAP @ VCC  Router connections Routers connect two or more networks, each of which must have a unique network number in order for routing to be successful. The unique network number is incorporated into the IP address that is assigned to each device attached to that network.

10. CNAP @ VCC  Router Interface

11. CNAP @ VCC  Router function

12. CNAP @ VCC  Router function (cont.1) Strips off the data link header, carried by the frame. (The data link header contains the MAC addresses of the source and destination.) Strips off the data link header, carried by the frame. (The data link header contains the MAC addresses of the source and destination.)

13. CNAP @ VCC  Router function (cont.2) Examines the network layer address to determine the destination network.

14. CNAP @ VCC  Router function (cont.3) Consults its routing tables to determine which of its interfaces it will use to send the data, in order for it to reach its destination network.

15. CNAP @ VCC  Router function (cont.4) Send the data out interface B1, the router would encapsulate the data in the appropriate data link frame.

16. CNAP @ VCC  Router Interface example Interface is a router’s attachment to a network, it may also be referred to as a port. In IP routing. Each interface must have a separate, unique network address.

17. CNAP @ VCC  IP address assignment static addressing and dynamic addressing

18. CNAP @ VCC  Static addressing You must go to each individual device and configure it with an IP address. You should keep very meticulous records, because problems can occur on the network if you use duplicate IP addresses.

19. CNAP @ VCC  Dynamic addressing There are a few different methods that you can use to assign IP addresses dynamically: –RARP: Reverse Address Resolution Protocol. –BOOTP: BOOTstrap Protocol. –DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.

20. CNAP @ VCC  Dynamic addressing: RARP MAC: Known IP: Unknown MAC: Known IP: Unknown RARP Request RARP Reply RARP server

21. CNAP @ VCC  Dynamic addressing: BOOTP MAC: Known IP: Unknown MAC: Known IP: Unknown UDP Broadcast BOOTP server MAC1 – IP1 MAC2 – IP2 MAC3 – IP3 MAC1 – IP1 MAC2 – IP2 MAC3 – IP3 IP Address Gateway IP of server Vendor-specific IP Address Gateway IP of server Vendor-specific

22. CNAP @ VCC  Dynamic addressing: DHCP MAC: Known IP: Unknown MAC: Known IP: Unknown DHCP Discover UDP Broadcast DHCP Offer UDP Broadcast DHCP server IP1 IP2 IP3 IP1 IP2 IP3 DHCP Request DHCP Ack IP Address Gateway IP of servers And more … IP Address Gateway IP of servers And more …

23. CNAP @ VCC  Review The role of router in network. Address assignment. Static addressing. Dynamic addressing.

24. CNAP @ VCC ARP CONCEPT

25. CNAP @ VCC  Encapsulation

26. CNAP @ VCC  Address resolution protocol In order for devices to communicate, the sending devices need both the IP addresses and the MAC addresses of the destination devices. When they try to communicate with devices whose IP addresses they know, they must determine the MAC addresses. ARP enables a computer to find the MAC address of the computer that is associated with an IP address.

27. CNAP @ VCC  Address resolution protocol

28. CNAP @ VCC  ARP table in host RAM

29. CNAP @ VCC 10.0.2.1 A.B.C.1.2.3 10.0.2.9 A.B.C.7.8.9 10.0.2.5 A.B.C.4.5.6 ABC  ARP operation ARP Table: ? MAC A.B.C.1.2.3 MAC ? IP 10.0.2.1 IP 10.0.2.9 Data

30. CNAP @ VCC 10.0.2.1 A.B.C.1.2.3 10.0.2.9 A.B.C.7.8.9 10.0.2.5 A.B.C.4.5.6 ABC  ARP operation: ARP request MAC A.B.C.1.2.3 MAC ff.ff.ff.ff.ff.ff IP 10.0.2.1 IP 10.0.2.9 What is your MAC Addr?

31. CNAP @ VCC 10.0.2.1 A.B.C.1.2.3 10.0.2.9 A.B.C.7.8.9 10.0.2.5 A.B.C.4.5.6 ABC  ARP operation: Checking MAC A.B.C.1.2.3 MAC ff.ff.ff.ff.ff.ff IP 10.0.2.1 IP 10.0.2.9 What is your MAC Addr? That is my IP

32. CNAP @ VCC 10.0.2.1 A.B.C.1.2.3 10.0.2.9 A.B.C.7.8.9 10.0.2.5 A.B.C.4.5.6 ABC  ARP operation: ARP reply MAC A.B.C.7.8.9 MAC A.B.C.1.2.3 IP 10.0.2.9 IP 10.0.2.1 This is my MAC Addr

33. CNAP @ VCC 10.0.2.1 A.B.C.1.2.3 10.0.2.9 A.B.C.7.8.9 10.0.2.5 A.B.C.4.5.6 ABC  ARP operation: Caching ARP Table: A.B.C.7.8.9 – 10.0.2.9 MAC A.B.C.1.2.3 MAC A.B.C.7.8.9 IP 10.0.2.1 IP 10.0.2.9 Data

34. CNAP @ VCC  ARP: Destination local

35. CNAP @ VCC  Internetwork communication How to communicate with devices that are not on the same physical network segment.

36. CNAP @ VCC  Default gateway In order for a device to communicate with another device on another network, you must supply it with a default gateway. A default gateway is the IP address of the interface on the router that connects to the network segment on which the source host is located. In order for a device to send data to the address of a device that is on another network segment, the source device sends the data to a default gateway.

37. CNAP @ VCC  Proxy ARP Proxy ARP is a variation of the ARP. In the case the source host does not have a default gateway configured. ARP Reply

38. CNAP @ VCC  ARP: Destination not local

39. CNAP @ VCC  ARP Flowchart Send Data to a device Send Data Send an ARP request Get an ARP reply Is the MAC address in my ARP cache N Y

40. CNAP @ VCC  ARP table in router The router interface connected to the network has an IP address for that network. Routers, just like every other device on the network, send and receive data on the network. If router connects to a LAN, it builds ARP tables that maps IP addresses to MAC addresses in that interface.

41. CNAP @ VCC  ARP table in routers and in hosts

42. CNAP @ VCC  Review What is the purpose of ARP protocol? How does ARP protocol work? What is the role of default gateway? What is proxy ARP?

43. CNAP @ VCC NETWORK LAYER SERVICES

44. CNAP @ VCC  Connection oriented network services A connection is established between the sender and the recipient before any data is transferred.

45. CNAP @ VCC  Circuit switched Connection-oriented network processes are often referred to as circuit switched. These processes establish a connection with the recipient, first, and then begin the data transfer. All packets travel sequentially across the same physical circuit, or more commonly, across the same virtual circuit.

46. CNAP @ VCC  Connectionless network services They treat each packet separately. IP is a connectionless system.

47. CNAP @ VCC  Packet switched Connectionless network processes are often referred to as packet switched. When the packets pass from source to destination, they can: –Switch to different paths. –Arrive out of order. Devices make the path determination for each packet based on a variety of criteria. Some of the criteria may differ from packet to packet.

48. CNAP @ VCC  Review Comparing connectionless and connection-oriented services. IP is a connectionless system.

49. CNAP @ VCC ROUTED AND ROUTING PROTOCOLS

50. CNAP @ VCC  Network protocols In order to allow two host communicate together through internetwork, they need a same network protocol. Protocols are like languages. IP is a network layer protocol.

51. CNAP @ VCC  Network protocol operation

52. CNAP @ VCC  Routed protocol Protocols that provide support for the network layer are called routed or routable protocols. IP is a network layer protocol, and because of that, it can be routed over an internetwork.

53. CNAP @ VCC  Protocol addressing variations

54. CNAP @ VCC  Three important routed protocols TCP/IP:04 bytes –Class A: 1 byte network + 3 bytes host –Class B: 2 bytes network + 2 bytes host –Class C: 3 bytes network + 1 byte host IPX/SPX:10 bytes –4 bytes network + 6 bytes host AppleTalk:03 bytes –2 bytes network + 1 byte host

55. CNAP @ VCC  Non-routable protocol Non-routable protocols are protocols that do not support Layer 3. The most common of these non-routable protocols is NetBEUI. NetBEUI is a small, fast, and efficient protocol that is limited to running on one segment.

56. CNAP @ VCC  Addressing of a routable protocol

57. CNAP @ VCC  Routing table 131.108.1.0E0 131.108.2.0E1 131.108.3.0E2

58. CNAP @ VCC  Multi-protocol routing

59. CNAP @ VCC  Classification #1: Static and Dynamic Static routes: –The network administrator manually enter the routing information in the router. Dynamic routes: –Routers can learn the information from each other on the fly. –Using routing protocol to update routing information. –RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF …

60. CNAP @ VCC  Static routes

61. CNAP @ VCC  Dynamic routes

62. CNAP @ VCC  Static vs. dynamic routes Static routes: –For hiding parts of an internetwork. –To test a particular link in a network. –For maintaining routing tables whenever there is only one path to a destination network. Dynamic routes: –Maintenance of routing table. –Timely distribution of information in the form of routing updates. –Relies on routing protocol to share knowledge. –Routers can adjust to changing network conditions.

63. CNAP @ VCC  Routing protocol Routing protocols determine the paths that routed protocols follow to their destinations. Routing protocols enable routers that are connected to create a map, internally, of other routers in the network or on the Internet.

64. CNAP @ VCC  Routed vs. Routing protocol Routing protocols determine how routed protocols are routed protocols are routed

65. CNAP @ VCC  Classification #2: IGP and EGP Dynamic routes. Interior Gateway Protocols (RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF): –Be used within an autonomous system, a network of routers under one administration, like a corporate network, a school district's network, or a government agency's network. Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGP, BGP): –Be used to route packets between autonomous systems.

66. CNAP @ VCC IGP IGP  IGP vs. EGP EGP

67. CNAP @ VCC  Classification #3: DVP and LSP Distance-Vector Protocols (RIP, IGRP): –View network topology from neighbor’s perspective. –Add distance vectors from router to router. –Frequent, periodic updates. –Pass copy of routing tables to neighbor routers. Link State Protocols (OSPF): –Gets common view of entire network topology. –Calculates the shortest path to other routers. –Event-triggered updates. –Passes link state routing updates to other routers.

68. CNAP @ VCC  Distance vector routing

69. CNAP @ VCC  Link state routing

70. CNAP @ VCC  RIP Most popular. Interior Gateway Protocol. Distance Vector Protocol. Only metric is number of hops. Maximum number of hops is 15. Updates every 30 seconds. Doesn’t always select fastest path. Generates lots of network traffic.

71. CNAP @ VCC  IGRP and EIGRP Cisco proprietary. Interior Gateway Protocol. Distance Vector Protocol. Metric is compose of bandwidth, load, delay and reliability. Maximum number of hops is 255. Updates every 90 seconds. EIGRP is an advanced version of IGRP, that is hybrid routing protocol.

72. CNAP @ VCC  OSPF Open Shortest Path First. Interior Gateway Protocol. Link State Protocol. Metric is compose of cost, speed, traffic, reliability, and security. Event-triggered updates.

73. CNAP @ VCC  Routing with RIP (11.8.9) SubnetNextMetric 1 2 3 … Exercise Exercise

74. CNAP @ VCC  Review Compare routed and routing protocols. Classification of routing protocols.

75. CNAP @ VCC