3. The number of electrons on the outer shell that an atom needs to be stable. What element will easily bond with the atom Ca?

4. What do the horizontal rows mean? What do the vertical rows mean?

5. What is the atomic number, mass and number of protons, electrons and neutrons of the atom “Mg”

11. Why does this not make sense? H-C=C-H

13. What are you worth?

14. What are trace elements? Name 3

15. 15 Deficiencies (a) Nitrogen deficiency (b) Iodine deficiency (Goiter) If there is a deficiency of an essential element, disease results Figure 2.3

16. 16 Why do some elements react? Valence electrons – Are those in the outermost, or valence shell – Determine the chemical behavior of an atom

18. There are two main types of Chemical Bonds: 1.Ionic Bonds 2.Covalent Bonds There is one more (hydrogen bond)

19. A happy atom wants.... 8 electrons in the outer shell! There is always an exception to the rule! Hydrogen is that exception --- wants 2 in the outer shell

20. 1. Ionic Bond -is the result of two atoms that gain or lose an electrons. - When an atom gains or loses an electron it becomes an ion. -Ion- has either a positive or a negative charge.

22. Ionic (I own it) Bonds Which one is positive and which one is negative? Justify your answer. What atoms are shown?

23. Which electron can be transferred?

24. Covalent (Co + valent)

25. Covalent (valiant) What is happening in this picture?

26. 2. Covalent Bond -Electrons are not lost or gained; they are shared between atoms. -Atoms that combine with one or more covalent bonds form a molecule. - Example: Water

27. What type of bond is this? Are these atoms sharing all of their outer electrons?

28. What type of bond?

30. What type of bond is this? Are these atoms sharing all of their outer electrons?

31. What type of bond is this? Are these atoms sharing all of their outer electrons?

32. Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Biochemistry is the study of carbon compounds that crawl.

33. Organic Compounds - have carbon bonded to other atoms and determine structure/function of living things Inorganic Compounds - do not contain carbon and hydrogen together (salt)

34. Organic compound features… 1. made from a carbon skeleton which can vary in length 2. can be branched or unbranched 3. can have double bonds which vary in location 4. or may be arranged in rings.

35. Some organic molecules Methanol (methyl alcohol) Wood spirits, wood alcohol Toxic - causes blindness, death, paralysis Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) Spirits, drinking alcohol Produced by fermentation of sugars Isopropyl alcohol Rubbing alcohol; is oxidized by the liver into acetone.acetone

36. Attached to the carbon skeleton is a FUNCTIONAL GROUP - which is the area that participates in chemical reactions

37. alcohols acids bases

39. Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid. Its chemical formula is HCO 2 H. It is an important intermediate in chemical synthesis and occurs naturally, most notably in ant venom. Its name comes from the Latin word for ant, formica, referring to its early isolation by the distillation of ant bodies. A major use of formic acid is as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed.

41. What do you need to know? 1. Distinguish between organic and inorganic molecules. 2. Know the 4 main groups of organic compounds. 3. Identify organic compounds based on their functional group.

42. MACROMOLECULES important to life 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids What about the carbon molecule makes it an ideal molecule for life forms?

43. 1. CARBOHYDRATES -monosaccharides - simple ring sugars, glucose and fructose -disaccharides - two monosaccharides combined, sucrose and lactose -polysaccharides - polymers (long chains of repeating units) of monosaccharides

44. Polysaccharides store energy: starch (plants) glycogen (animals)

45. Polysaccharides are also structural molecules cellulose - makes up cell walls (plants) chitin - makes up exoskeletons

46. Pentoses - 5 carbon sugars, arranged in a ring DNA!

47. What you need to know about carbohydrates 1. Distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. (Give examples of each) 2. Understand how carbohydrates are used in plants and animals as energy storage molecules. 3. Understand how carbohydrates are used in plants and animals as structural molecules. 4. Identify biological molecules that contain pentoses 5. Discuss why carbon readily forms bonds to make long chains.

48. 2. Lipids Hydrophobic (insoluble in water) Used for insulation and long term energy storage (fat)* Fats & Oils are made of subunits – glycerol and fatty acids Waxes – mainly used for covering and protection Watch what happens when a soap hits the hydrophobic milk.

49. Phospholipids - Important structural component of the cell membrane

50. Steroids - cholesterol & sex hormones (estrogen & testosterone) – made of 4 fused rings

51. Cholesterol- a lipid molecule and is biosynthesized by all animal cells because it is an essential structural component of animal cell membranes- maintains both membrane structural integrity and fluidity. Cholesterol enables animal cells to (a) not need a cell wall and thus be able to (b) change shape and (c) move about (unlike bacteria and plant cells which are restricted by their cell walls).

52. Saturated fats contain no double bonds, solid at room temperature; Unsaturated have double bonds that “kink” the molecule, liquid at room temperature

54. What you need to know about lipids 1. Compare saturated to unsaturated fats. 2. List the functions of lipids 3. Identify a steroid from a picture (4 rings) 4. Idenfity the main component of the cell membrane.

55. 3. Proteins Polymers made of amino acids, which are joined by peptide bonds - proteins are also called polypeptides Amino acids form a wide variety of structures, mainly building blocks for living tissue Also used for: Support | Enzymes | Transport | Defense | Hormones | Motion

56. Proteins can be denatured, heat causes it to lose its shape, and its functionality There are 20 known amino acids

57. Proteins have four shapes Primary | Secondary | Tertiary | Quaternary

58. Nucleic Acids Informational polymers made of individual nucleotides DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) & RNA (ribonucleic acid) Each nucleotide consists of: 1. A sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) 2. A phosphate 3. A nitrogen base - adenine - thymine - guanine - cytosine - uracil (in RNA)

60. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - high energy molecule, bonds broken to release energy

61. MATCHING a. carbohydrate b. lipids c. protein d. nucleic acids 1. contains adenine and thymine 2. lactose 3. chains of amino acids 4. long term energy storage 5. cholesterol 6. chains of fatty acids and glycerol 7. plant cell walls