1. Tissues and Membranes

2. Body Tissues  There are four main types of tissues:  Epithelial  Covers body surfaces and lines inner _____________  Connective  Binds and _____________ body parts  Muscular  ________________ to perform numerous functions  Nervous  Responds to ______________ and transmits ______________

3. Epithelial Tissue  Functions:  Externally, it protects the body from ___________ out, injury, and _______________ invasion.  Internally, it performs a number of functions, such as ______ ____________ (respiratory tract), ____________ (digestive tract), and absorption (urinary tract)  Remember FAPS!

4. Special Traits of Epithelial Tissue  Epithelial cells fit closely together to form sheets.  Cells held together by ________________ and tight junctions  The membranes always have one __________ surface  The lower surface of the epithelium rests on a surface called the _________________ membrane  Epithelial tissues have no _____________ ______________ (avascular) and rely on diffusion of O 2 and _____________ from neighboring capillaries  Epithelial cells easily ________________ themselves

5. Epithelial Tissue  Three main types:  Squamous epithelium  Locations: walls of _________ vessels, air sacs of ________, lines mouth and ______________, found throughout body  Functions: filtration, diffusion, osmosis, friction reduction

6. Epithelial Tissue  Cuboidal epithelium  Locations: surface of ovaries, lining of glandular ducts, urinary system, eyes, thyroid  Functions: ___________ and _____________

7. Epithelial Tissue  Columnar epithelium  Locations: reproductive, digestive and respiratory tracts  Functions: ______________, absorption, protection Substance? ____________ Name of cell that secretes it? ___________ _______

8. Epithelial Tissue  Described in three ways depending on its layering:  Simple – cells exist in a ___________ layer  Stratified – cells exist in ____________ layers  Pseudostratified – cells ____________ to be layered, but actually _____________ Pseudostratified ciliated

9. Epithelial Tissue  Transitional epithelium  A specialized stratified squamous epithelium found only in urinary organs  These organs are subject to a lot of _______________, and therefore need cells that are extremely _____________ and capable of __________ past each other Cross section of a ureter (tube that leads from kidney to urinary bladder)

10. Connective Tissue: What is a Matrix?  A matrix is what makes connective tissue unique.  A matrix is a _______________ extracellular substance that surrounds and ______________ cells.  The two main components of a matrix are (1) a __________ ________________ and (2) ____________.  The ground substance is composed mostly of _______ plus some _____________ and __________________.  The fibers are composed mostly of _____________ with some _______________.  Matrices vary in consistency from fluid (____________) to squishy (_________) to very hard and tough (____________).

11. Connective Tissue  Six main types:  Loose connective tissue  Locations: between muscles, beneath the skin  Functions: __________ structures together, fills ____________ between other tissue types, cushions, and protects

12. Connective Tissue  Adipose connective tissue  Locations: beneath the __________ and surrounding various organs  Functions: ___________ storage, padding for organs, and ________________

13. Connective Tissue  Fibrous connective tissue (collagen)  Locations: tendons and _________________  Functions: anchors muscles to _________ and bone to ___________  Very __________ tissue

14. Connective Tissue  Cartilage  Three types: hyaline (most abundant), elastic, fibrocartilage  Locations:  Hyaline: ends of long _________, fetal _____________, nose, rings of ___________  Elastic: between ribs and sternum, outer ear  Fibro: pads between ______________  Functions: _____________, protection  What is Cartilage? (4:39) What is Cartilage? (4:39) Hyaline Fibrocartilage

15. Connective Tissue  Bone  Two types: ___________ and _____________  Location: ______________  Functions: _____________, protection, red marrow produces _____________ _________, storage of ______________ salts (Ca and P) Spongy Compact

16. Connective Tissue  Blood  Locations: __________ ________________  Functions: supplies cells with nutrients and _______, removes _____________, fights ______________  What is blood? (2:24) What is blood?

17. Muscular Tissue  Three types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac  Skeletal  Locations: attached to ___________ throughout the body  Functions: ____________ body parts  Striated and ____________  Multinucleated cells

18. Muscular Tissue  Smooth  Locations: ____________ _____________  Functions: s l o w sustained contractions  Nonstriated and ________________  Spindle-shaped cells

19. Muscular Tissue  Cardiac  Location: _________  Function: pump ___________  Striated, ______________, and _________________ What is the arrow pointing to?

20. Nervous Tissue  Consists of cells called ____________ (neuro = string in Greek)  Location: _________, spinal ___________, nerves  Function: conduction of nerve _____________

21. Nervous Tissue  Neurons consist of three main parts:  Dendrite: branching extensions that bring in impulses from other ____________ to the _________ ____________  Cell body: contains the nucleus, cytoplasm, and ____________  Axon: conducts impulses ________ from a neuron

22. Body Membranes  There are five main types of membranes:  Mucous membranes  Locations: interior walls of ___________; tubes that lead out of the body (respiratory, digestive, genitourinary tracts)  Functions: reduce __________, protection from __________, resist ________ in digestive system  Peptic ulcers (1:35) Peptic ulcers (1:35) Mucous membrane of stomach (gastric rugae)

23. Body Membranes  Serous membranes  Locations: line the insides of hollow organs, cover organs  Functions: reduce ____________, _____________ internal organs, and compartmentalize the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities Dr. Anastasi performing open-heart surgery (bypass and valve replacement) (photos courtesy of Keith Sidehamer, perfusionist) Pericardium

24. Body Membranes  Synovial membranes  Locations: line freely movable ___________ _____________  Function: secrete ____________ fluid which greatly reduces ___________ between the bones Arthroscopic image of synovium from a metacarpophalangeal joint Synovial fronds in both images are normal and healthy. Arthroscopic knee surgery (4:01)

25. Body Membranes  Meninges  Locations: only in the dorsal cavity (surrounds _______ and _________ cord)  Function: forms a ___________ covering  Three layers: _________, ________________, and ___________ maters  Meningitis (3:31) Meningitis (3:31) Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater

26. Body Membranes  Cutaneous membrane  Locations: the _________  Functions: _________ from trauma, _____________ invasion, ___________ loss or gain, _____________ regulation, and synthesis of vitamin _____