1. Studies which Can Be Used Sputum Analysis  Gram Stain  Fungal Smear  AFB Smear  Antibody Probes (DFA) Culture Antibody Testing

2. Gram Stain Bacteria differ in morphologic characteristics which are useful for to categorize them:  Shape - cocci vs. rods  Gram stain - positive or negative

3. Gram Stain Determine the adequacy of the specimen for culture Make a presumptive etiologic diagnosis and early clinical decisions Suggest a need for non-routine laboratory procedure Help make accurate interpretation of culture results Provide a better insight into the nature of the current infection

4. Gram Stain

7. Spit

8. Streptococcus pneumoniae

9. Staphylococcus aureus

10. Hemophilus influenza

11. Moraxella catarrhalis

12. Klebsiella pneumoniae

13. Pseudomonas aeruginosa

14. Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) Smear Modified staining technique using either Ziehl-Nielsen or Kinyoun stain Strong Acid Fast Staining - Mycobacteria Weak Acid Fast Staining - Nocardia, Legionella

15. Tuberculosis

16. Methenamine Silver Stain

17. Other Probes Antigen Testing - Legionella urinary Antibody Testing  Cold agglutinin  Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Legionella  Direct Flouresence Antibody  Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)