1. Political Geography Chapter 8 Shapes of States Types of Boundaries Origins of Boundaries Evolution of Boundaries Geopolitical Theories

2. Essential Geopolitical Concepts  State - an independent country that has sovereignty over land and people  Nation-State - close match between the political sovereignty and its one ethnic group  Multi-Nation State- country made up of more than one ethnicity  Multi-State Nation- an ethnic group that is split into more than one country  Stateless Nation- an ethnic group that wants to be a country by isn’t  Landlocked state- a country with no coast-entirely surrounded by land

4. State Shapes

9. A C B E D

11. Boundary types

12. The Evolution of Boundaries Defining: the official establishment or documentation of a boundary –Treaty –Legal document –Example: 2000 Macedonia-Serbia and Montenegro delimitation agreement

13. The Evolution of Boundaries Delimitation: placing of the boundary on a map

14. The Evolution of Boundaries Demarcation: marking of the boundary by some method on the ground

15. Boundary Types Natural (physical): based on recognizable physiographic features –Mountains, rivers, and lakes –Can cause disputes

16. Boundary Types Law of the Sea –Territory 12 Nautical miles –Contiguous Zone 12 Nautical miles –Exclusive Economic Zone 200 Nautical Miles

17. Boundary Types Geometric (Artificial): follows parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude –49 th parallel United States & Canada –Africa, Asia, Americas

19. Boundary Types Cultural: separate groups by a common cultural trait –India and Pakistan

20. Boundary Origins Antecedent: border drawn before it was well populated –United States & Canada

21. Subsequent: border drawn after the development of the cultural landscape –2 types: Consequent Superimposed Boundary Origins

22. Consequent (ethnographic): border drawn to accommodate existing religious, linguistic, or ethnic differences –N. Ireland and Ireland Boundary Origins

23. Subsequent Superimposed Boundaries: forced on an existing cultural landscape, country, or people by a conquering colonial power –Unconcerned about preexisting cultural patterns –Great Britain = India/Pakistan Boundary Origins

24. Relict/relic Boundary: former boundary that no longer functions –Differences on each side of the border are still evident Boundary Origins

29. Geopolitics Considers the strategic value of land and sea area in the context of national economic and military power and ambitions –power relationships: past, present, and future Ex. Manifest Destiny/Monroe Doctrine

30. Geopolitics – German School Ratzel’s Organic Theory a)Held that a nation which is an aggregate of organisms would itself function and behave as an organism b)Nourishment of organism provided by acquisition of territories and people c)Territory is essential to life. d)Nazi expansion policies based on some of Ratzel’s ideas.

31. Sir Halford Mackinder Heartland Theory Believed a land-based power, not a sea power, would ultimately rule the world “Pivot Area” is Eurasia – resource heavy Geopolitics – British/American School

33. Mackinder – Heartland Theory The Heartland is impenetrable Resource rich Provided a base for world conquest USSR after WWII helped support this theory

34. Mackinder – Heartland Theory –“Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland” –“Who rules the Heartland commands the World Island” –“Who rules the World Island commands the World”

35. Geopolitics Nicholas Spykman - Rimland Theory Critic of Mackinder Argued that the Eurasian rim, not its heart, held the key to global power

37. Spykman-Rimland Fragmented zone Divided rimland key to balance of world power Dense population, abundant resources, controlling access to both the sea and the interior

38. “Who controls the Rimland controls Eurasia” “Who rules Eurasia controls the destiny of the world” Spykman-Rimland

39. Containment Theory Containment was a United States policy using numerous strategies to prevent the spread of communism abroad. A component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge communist influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, and Vietnam.

40. The Domino Theory The domino theory holds that destabilization from any cause in one country can result in the collapse of order in a neighboring country-a chain of events that can affect a whole region.

41. Indochina War (1964-1975) US backed South Vietnam in a struggle against communist North Vietnam-war expanded into Laos & Cambodia-US feared it would lead to communist expansion in Thailand, Malaysia, Burma & so on-didn’t happen. Yet domino theory has validity-in 1989 the fall of communism followed the domino effect, instability in Yugoslavia followed the same pattern-other examples religious extremism, economic and environmental causes can cause spreading havoc.