3. Reading Activity Questions?

4. Objectives  By the end of this class you should be able to:  State the definition of electric current,  State the definition of electric resistance,  Appreciate that metallic conductors at constant temperature satisfy Ohm’s Law,

5. Objectives  By the end of this class you should be able to:  Appreciate that the potential drops as one moves across a resistor in the direction of the current  Understand that a resistor dissipates power,

6. Assessment Statements  IB Assessment Statements for Topic 5.1, Electric Current and Resistance.  Define electric current.  Define resistance.  Apply the equation for resistance in the form, R = ρL/A, where ρ is the resistivity of the material of the resistor.  State Ohm’s law.

7. Assessment Statements  IB Assessment Statements for Topic 5.1, Electric Current and Resistance.  Compare Ohmic and non-Ohmic behavior.  Derive and apply expressions for electrical power dissipation in resistors.  Solve problems involving potential difference, current and resistance.

8. Video: Electric Current

9. Electric Current  Electric current is the amount of charge that moves through the cross-sectional area of a wire per unit time  The unit for current is the ampere (A) and is equal to 1C/s

10. Electric Current  EXAMPLE: Light falling on a metallic surface causes the surface to emit 2.2x10 15 electrons per second. What is the current leaving the surface?

11. Electric Current  EXAMPLE: Light falling on a metallic surface causes the surface to emit 2.2x10 15 electrons per second. What is the current leaving the surface?  ANSWER:

12. Electric Current  In an uncharged conductor, the electrons move randomly at speeds on the order of 10 5 m/s  The presence of an electric field in a conductor causes the electrons to accelerate in a direction opposite to the electric field.  This ordering of the electron motion is what causes current.

13. Electric Current  As the electrons move, they collide with atoms of the material and impart some of their energy to those atoms  This causes the atoms to increase the amplitude of their vibrations about their equilibrium position  These increased vibrations show up as heat  This is how we get toast

14. Electric Current  After the collision, the electrons are again accelerated by the electric field  The graph below represents this pattern. The dotted line represents the average, or drift velocity of the electron

15. Electric Current  For a typical metal, the drift velocity is on the order of 6x10 -4 m/s  With this velocity, how long should it take for the lights to come on when you flip the switch?

16. Electric Current  For a typical metal, the drift velocity is on the order of 6x10 -4 m/s  With this velocity, how long should it take for the lights to come on when you flip the switch?  So why do the lights come on instantaneously?

17. Electric Current  When an electric field is applied, every free electron in the conductor is energized – like the difference between opening a valve at the end of a pipe that is full of water versus opening a valve at the beginning of a pipe that is empty.

18. Electric Current  By convention, the direction of current is the opposite direction of the flow of electrons  Current flows from positive to negative  Electrons move from negative to positive

19. Electric Current  Special Cases:  When a conductor is heated, it emits electrons through a process called thermionic emission which creates a current, or increases conductivity  When light hits a metallic surface, electrons are emitted which creates a current – photoelectric effect

20. Electric Resistance and Ohm’s Law  Electric resistance of a conductor is defined as the potential difference across its ends, divided by the current flowing through it:  The unit for resistance is the Ohm () and is equal to 1 V/A

21. Electric Resistance and Ohm’s Law  When the temperature of a conductor is kept constant, current is proportional to the potential difference across it  Ohm’s Law  This implies resistance is constant

22. Electric Resistance and Ohm’s Law  A conductor with zero electric resistance is known as a perfect conductor  Current can flow without a potential difference  Superconductors can achieve zero resistance at very low temperatures (critical temperature) and are thus perfect conductors

23. Electric Resistance and Ohm’s Law  For metals, increase in temperature results in increased resistance  Assuming the conductor is kept at constant temperature, three factors affect resistance:  properties of the material  length  cross-sectional area.

24. Electric Resistance and Ohm’s Law  Electric resistance of a wire (at constant temperature) is proportional to its length (L) and inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area  Resistance increases with length  Resistance decreases with cross-sectional area

25. Electric Resistance and Ohm’s Law  Electric resistance of a wire (at constant temperature) is proportional to its length (L) and inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area

26. Potential Drop  This derivation tells us that for current to flow through a resistor, there must be a potential difference (V) across the resistor.  In a circuit, the voltage is said to “drop” across the resistor  If we assume the resistance of the conductor is negligible, the voltage and potential difference will be the same

27. Potential Drop  Example: AB 3A10Ω 30Ω

28. Electric Power  We have seen that it requires work to move a charge across a potential  A current is a movement of charge so work is being done, and it is movement per unit time  Where there is work per unit time, there is POWER

29. Electric Power  This power is translated into mechanical work or thermal energy  We can re-write the formula for power for devices that obey Ohm’s law (ohmic behavior)

30. Electric Power  This power is translated into mechanical work or thermal energy  We can re-write the formula for power for devices that obey Ohm’s law (ohmic behavior)

31. Electric Power  Electrical devices are normally rated in watts (power) and volts (potential)  A light bulb rated as 60W at 220V (normal household voltage) means it will dissipate 60 watts of energy when a potential of 220 V is applied across it

32. Objectives  By the end of this class you should be able to:  State the definition of electric current,  State the definition of electric resistance,  Appreciate that metallic conductors at constant temperature satisfy Ohm’s Law,

33. Objectives  By the end of this class you should be able to:  Appreciate that the potential drops as one moves across a resistor in the direction of the current  Understand that a resistor dissipates power,

34. Assessment Statements  IB Assessment Statements for Topic 5.1, Electric Current and Resistance.  Define electric current.  Define resistance.  Apply the equation for resistance in the form, R = ρL/A, where ρ is the resistivity of the material of the resistor.  State Ohm’s law.

35. Assessment Statements  IB Assessment Statements for Topic 5.1, Electric Current and Resistance.  Compare Ohmic and non-ohmic behavior.  Derive and apply expressions for electrical power dissipation in resistors.  Solve problems involving potential difference, current and resistance.

37. #1-20 Homework