1. Mineral Resources and Mining13
CHAPTER
Placeholder opening page, but maybe we can duplicate the look of the SE chapter opener page by using the same fonts and colors (and maybe that Ch 14 icon?)

2. Lesson 13.1 Minerals and Rocks
Over 4000 minerals have been identified, but only 1% of these are common in Earth’s crust.
Amethyst

3. Minerals in Mining vs. Minerals in Food
Minerals in food are not are ____________________
They are ___________________ occurring…they are produced in laboratories.
They do not have a crystalline structure (they are actually elements)
Which criteria of minerals do they meet?

4. What Are Minerals? Occur in ___________ Chemically ______________
Lesson 13.1 Minerals and Rocks
What Are Minerals?
Occur in ___________
Chemically ______________
Solids
Have orderly _______________ structures
Have definite chemical compositions

5. Polymorphs A specific mineral must be the same in ______ 5 categories.
______________________ have the same chemical composition (are naturally occurring, inorganic, and a solid) but have different crystalline structures.
Example: Diamond vs. Graphite

7. Properties of Minerals
Lesson 13.1 Minerals and Rocks
Properties of Minerals
Property
Description
Color
A few minerals can be identified by their color. But color varies in most minerals depending on how they form.
Streak
The streak of a mineral is the color of its powder. Although mineral color may vary, streak color does not.
Luster
How light is reflected off a mineral’s surface is called luster. It may be described as glassy, earthy, silky, metallic, etc.
Crystal
A mineral can be identified by the particular arrangement of its atoms.
Hardness
Mohs scale ranks mineral hardness 1– = talc, which can be scratched by a fingernail. 10 = diamond, which can scratch all known common minerals.
Cleavage
A mineral that splits easily along a flat surface and forms a new “face” is said to have cleavage.
Fracture
Minerals that break irregularly, rather than leaving a flat surface, have fracture, not cleavage.
Density
Each mineral has a characteristic density—mass per unit volume.

8. Identifying Minerals using their Properties
Let’s Practice….
Identifying Minerals using their Properties

9. Mineral Formation Minerals can form in four ways:
Lesson 13.1 Minerals and Rocks
Mineral Formation
Minerals can form in four ways:
_______________________ from magma (under surface) or lava (at surface)
Pressure and temperature…POLYMORPHS
__________________(not rain)
Production by organisms

10. Mineral Formation continued….
Salt basins of the Sierra Nevada The Miwok people filled these basins with water from a salt spring and let it evaporate, to form salt for trading.
Coral Mineral formed by living things
Minerals formed from Precipitation

11. Modeling Precipitation
Pour 10 mL of water into a beaker.
Stir in salt until no more dissolves.
Put the beaker on the hot plate.
Observe what happens as the water evaporates.

12. Lesson 13.1 Minerals and Rocks
Mineral Classes
Minerals are classified based on their ________________ or _____________________.

14. Rocks _________: Mixtures and Minerals: Substances
Lesson 13.1 Minerals and Rocks
Rocks
Naturally occurring solids made up of ____________ and mineral-like materials
_________: Mixtures and Minerals: Substances
Three types: igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic
The _____________ slowly changes rocks from one type to another through heating, melting, cooling, weathering, and erosion.

15. Lesson 13.1 Minerals and Rocks
Types of Rocks
Igneous: Form when __________ ________ and solidifies; can be intrusive or extrusive
Did You Know? In general, the more slowly igneous rock cools, the larger its crystals.

16. Types of Rocks Continued….
Sedimentary: Form when __________________ ____________ together or when water evaporates and leaves behind minerals; can be clastic, chemical, or biochemical

18. Types of Rocks continued (again)….
Metamorphic: Form when _________ or ___________ changes the crystalline structure of existing rock

20. Modeling the Rock Cycle Activity #1
Create an index card for each of the rock types that includes the name of the rock type and a few words or phrases describing it.
Look at Figure 6 on page 397.
On the back of each index card state the processes that take place changing them into the other two rock types.

21. Modeling the Rock Cycle Activity #2
Create a foldable to compare the three types of rocks.
Watch the teacher to find out how.
Be sure to include the different ways they are formed…
Igneous: intrusive vs. extrusive; crystal size
Sedimentary: clastic, chemical, biochemical; steps of formation
Metamorphic: heat and pressure; banding
On the back of your foldable….
Label and color the diagram of the rock cycle.
Use page 397 for help.

22. Lesson Mining
More than a ton of waste may remain after extracting just a few hundredths of an ounce of gold.

23. Lesson 13.2 Mining
What Is Mined?
________: Groups of minerals that are mined so ___________ or metals can be _____________; Example: Coltan and Tantalum; Bauxite and Aluminum
Nonmetallic minerals: Minerals, including ___________________, that as a whole have valuable properties (may contain metal but is not mined for metal)
Fuels: Minerals that can be used to generate ___________ like coal, petroleum, natural gas, uranium
______________
Copper Ores

24. What needs to be mined to make a Suburu?
Get into your groups
Look at the list of materials needed to make a Suburu.
Match the minerals to the correct part of the car where they are used.
Cut out each mineral
and place it into the
correct blank box.

25. Process of Mining and Mineral Use
Lesson 13.2 Mining
Process of Mining and Mineral Use
From initial exploration to disposal, mining and mineral use involve many steps.

26. Mining Methods Strip mining Subsurface mining Open pit mining
Lesson 13.2 Mining
Mining Methods
Strip mining
Subsurface mining
Open pit mining
Mountaintop removal
Solution mining
Placer mining
Undersea mining
A strip mining operation in Wyoming
Did You Know? Some subsurface mines in South Africa extend 4 km underground.

27. Strip Mining
_________________ of surface soil and rock are _______________ to _____________ ____________

28. Subsurface Mining
Vertical _____ are dug deep into the ____________ and networks of ___________ are dug to follow deposits of the resource

29.
Open Pit Mining
Digging a large _______ and removing the resource and unwanted rock that surrounds the resource
Large hole is called a __________

30. Mountaintop Removal
Similar to _______ mining

31. Solution Mining
_______________ must be ______________ in water

32. Placer Mining

33. Undersea Mining

34. Lesson 13.2 Mining
Processing Ore
Ores must be processed to gain access to the ________ they contain:
Ore is crushed and ground.
Crushed ore is
____________ into metals
and tailings.
Froth Flotation
Concentrated metals are further processed, often by ________________.

35. Lesson 13.3 Mining Impacts and Regulation
There are about $314 million worth of metals contained in unused cell phones in the United States alone.

36. Environmental Impacts of Mining
Lesson 13.3 Mining Impacts and Regulation
Environmental Impacts of Mining
_____________ erosion
Sediment and debris clog waterways.
Acid drainage and other forms of water ______________
Air pollution
Disruption of ocean _________________ (undersea mining)
Destruction of habitat
Mine Remediation Mitigation of damage caused to the hillside by strip mining

37. Social Impacts of Mining
Lesson 13.3 Mining Impacts and Regulation
Social Impacts of Mining
Property damage caused by _______________ removal or mine collapse
Although mining can bring money and jobs to poor areas of the world, ___________ can arise over mineral rights.
Mining can be _____________
to the health of the miners.
Did You Know? Around 650 miners or former miners died from complications related to black lung disease in 2005.
Several damaged areas in the Northern Coeur d’Alene Mining District, in Idaho

38. Mining for Coltan
War

39. Lesson 13.3 Mining Impacts and Regulation
General Mining Law of 1872
Created _____________ to manage mining activity, but also promoted mining
__________ ___________ can be claimed and leased from the government for mining.
Claim owners can file to patent, or own, the land for $5 per acre.
The same price as ________
_____________________ are currently being considered
Hardrock Mining and Reclamation Act (2009): ends the patenting process and requires miners to pay the government percentages of their profits

40. Additional Mining Regulations
Lesson 13.3 Mining Impacts and Regulation
Additional Mining Regulations
Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 governs leasing of public lands for __________ _______, phosphate, sodium, and sulfur mining.
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (1977) requires that coal-mining companies ____________ land __________ mining is complete.
An abandoned mine in New York state, now home to hibernating bats

41. Lesson 13.3 Mining Impacts and Regulation
Mine Safety
_________ law, passed in _______, established ventilation requirements for coal mines and prohibited miners under 12.
Today, the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 regulates _________ _____________.
In 2010, an underground explosion in a West Virginia mine killed 29 miners.

43. Responsible Mineral Use
Lesson 13.3 Mining Impacts and Regulation
Responsible Mineral Use
Minerals are _______________ resources.
________________ use, reusing, and recycling minerals can help minimize the _____________ impacts of mining and address limited supplies.
Did You Know? Extracting aluminum ore takes 20 times more energy than obtaining it from recycled sources.