1. Mineral Resources and Mining13
CHAPTER
Placeholder opening page, but maybe we can duplicate the look of the SE chapter opener page by using the same fonts and colors (and maybe that Ch 14 icon?)

2. Mining for Cell Phones?
Large reserves of the metal tantalum are found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in Africa.
Tantalum jumped in value in the 1990s as high-tech devices that need tantalum, such as cell phones, became common.
There is international concern regarding the role tantalum mining has played in the extended conflict in the Congo.
Talk About It Is it important to think about the sources of the minerals we use?

3. Lesson 13.1 Minerals and Rocks
Over 4000 minerals have been identified, but only 1% of these are common in Earth’s crust.
Amethyst

4. What Are Minerals? Occur in nature Chemically inorganic Solids
Lesson 13.1 Minerals and Rocks
What Are Minerals?
Occur in nature
Chemically inorganic
Solids
Have orderly crystalline structures
Have definite chemical compositions

5. Minerals in Mining vs. Minerals in Food
Minerals in food are not are not true “minerals”
They are not naturally occurring…they are produced in laboratories.
They do not have a crystalline structure (they are actually elements)
Which criteria of minerals do they meet?

7. Polymorphs A specific mineral must be the same in all 5 categories.
Polymorphs have the same chemical composition (are naturally occurring, inorganic, and a solid) but have different crystalline structures.
Example: Diamond vs. Graphite
Inorganic
Found in nature
Made of pure carbon
Solid
Different chemical structures!!!!

8. Properties of Minerals
Lesson 13.1 Minerals and Rocks
Properties of Minerals
Property
Description
Color
A few minerals can be identified by their color. But color varies in most minerals depending on how they form.
Streak
The streak of a mineral is the color of its powder. Although mineral color may vary, streak color does not.
Luster
How light is reflected off a mineral’s surface is called luster. It may be described as glassy, earthy, silky, metallic, etc.
Crystal
A mineral can be identified by the particular arrangement of its atoms.
Hardness
Mohs scale ranks mineral hardness 1– = talc, which can be scratched by a fingernail. 10 = diamond, which can scratch all known common minerals.
Cleavage
A mineral that splits easily along a flat surface and forms a new “face” is said to have cleavage.
Fracture
Minerals that break irregularly, rather than leaving a flat surface, have fracture, not cleavage.
Density
Each mineral has a characteristic density—mass per unit volume.

9. Mineral Formation Minerals can form in four ways:
Lesson 13.1 Minerals and Rocks
Mineral Formation
Minerals can form in four ways:
Crystallization from magma (under surface) or lava (at surface)
Pressure and temperature…POLYMORPHS
Precipitation (not rain)
Production by organisms

10. Mineral Formation continued….
Salt basins of the Sierra Nevada The Miwok people filled these basins with water from a salt spring and let it evaporate, to form salt for trading.
Coral Mineral formed by living things
Minerals formed from Precipitation

11. Modeling Precipitation
Pour 10 mL of water into a beaker.
Stir in salt until no more dissolves.
Put the beaker on the hot plate.
Observe what happens as the water evaporates.

12. Modeling Precipitation

13. Lesson 13.1 Minerals and Rocks
Mineral Classes
Minerals are classified based on their elements or compounds.

15. Identifying Minerals using their Properties
Let’s Practice….
Identifying Minerals using their Properties

16. Rocks Rocks: Mixtures and Minerals: Substances
Lesson 13.1 Minerals and Rocks
Rocks
Naturally occurring solids made up of minerals and mineral-like materials
Rocks: Mixtures and Minerals: Substances
Three types: igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic
The rock cycle slowly changes rocks from one type to another through heating, melting, cooling, weathering, and erosion.

17. Lesson 13.1 Minerals and Rocks
Types of Rocks
Igneous: Form when magma cools and solidifies; can be intrusive or extrusive
Did You Know? In general, the more slowly igneous rock cools, the larger its crystals.

18. Types of Rocks Continued….
Sedimentary: Form when sediments cement together or when water evaporates and leaves behind minerals; can be clastic, chemical, or biochemical

20. Types of Rocks continued (again)….
Metamorphic: Form when heat or pressure changes the crystalline structure of existing rock

21. Video

22. Modeling the Rock Cycle Activity #1
Create an index card for each of the rock types that includes the name of the rock type and a few words or phrases describing it.
Look at Figure 6 on page 397.
On the back of each index card state the processes that take place changing them into the other two rock types.

23. Modeling the Rock Cycle Activity #2
Create a foldable to compare the three types of rocks.
Watch the teacher to find out how.
Be sure to include the different ways they are formed…
Igneous: intrusive vs. extrusive; crystal size
Sedimentary: clastic, chemical, biochemical; steps of formation
Metamorphic: heat and pressure; banding
On the back of your foldable….
Label and color the diagram of the rock cycle.
Use page 397 for help.

24. Lesson Mining
More than a ton of waste may remain after extracting just a few hundredths of an ounce of gold.

25. Lesson 13.2 Mining
What Is Mined?
Ores: Groups of minerals that are mined so metal or metals can be removed; Example: Coltan and Tantalum; Bauxite and Aluminum
Nonmetallic minerals: Minerals, including gemstones, that as a whole have valuable properties (may contain metal but is not mined for metal)
Fuels: Minerals that can be used to generate energy like coal, petroleum, natural gas, uranium
Water
Copper Ores

26. What needs to mined to make a Suburu?
Look at the list of materials needed to make a Suburu.
Using highlighters, work in a group to categorize the list as either metallic, nonmetallic, fuels, or water.

27. Process of Mining and Mineral Use
Lesson 13.2 Mining
Process of Mining and Mineral Use
From initial exploration to disposal, mining and mineral use involve many steps.

28. Mining Methods Strip mining Subsurface mining Open pit mining
Lesson 13.2 Mining
Mining Methods
Strip mining
Subsurface mining
Open pit mining
Mountaintop removal
Solution mining
Placer mining
Undersea mining
A strip mining operation in Wyoming
Did You Know? Some subsurface mines in South Africa extend 4 km underground.

29. Strip Mining
Layers of surface soil and rock are removed to expose resource

30. Subsurface Mining
Vertical shafts are dug deep into the ground and networks of tunnels are dug to follow deposits of the resource

31.
Open Pit Mining
Digging a large hole and removing the resource and unwanted rock that surrounds the resource
Large hole is called a Quarry

32. Mountaintop Removal
Similar to strip mining

33. Solution Mining
Resource must be dissolvable in water

34. Placer Mining

35. Undersea Mining

36. Lesson 13.2 Mining
Processing Ore
Ores must be processed to gain access to the metals they contain:
Ore is crushed and ground.
Crushed ore is separated into metals and tailings.
Froth Flotation
Concentrated metals are further processed, often by smelting.

37. Extract Copper from Ore!!!
Lab
Extract Copper from Ore!!!

38. Mineral Processing
Create a flow chart of the three main steps in processing minerals.
Use green headings in the book to help (pg )

39. Lesson 13.3 Mining Impacts and Regulation
There are about $314 million worth of metals contained in unused cell phones in the United States alone.

40. Environmental Impacts of Mining
Lesson 13.3 Mining Impacts and Regulation
Environmental Impacts of Mining
Increased erosion
Sediment and debris clog waterways.
Acid drainage and other forms of water pollution
Air pollution
Disruption of ocean ecosystems (undersea mining)
Destruction of habitat
Mine Remediation Mitigation of damage caused to the hillside by strip mining

41. Social Impacts of Mining
Lesson 13.3 Mining Impacts and Regulation
Social Impacts of Mining
Property damage caused by mountaintop removal or mine collapse
Although mining can bring money and jobs to poor areas of the world, conflicts can arise over mineral rights.
Mining can be hazardous to the health of the miners.
Did You Know? Around 650 miners or former miners died from complications related to black lung disease in 2005.
Several damaged areas in the Northern Coeur d’Alene Mining District, in Idaho

42. Mining for Coltan
Activity:
Plight of the Gorilla Reading

43. Lesson 13.3 Mining Impacts and Regulation
General Mining Law of 1872
Created rules to manage mining activity, but also promoted mining
Public land can be claimed and leased from the government for mining.
Claim owners can file to patent, or own, the land for $5 per acre.
The same price as 1872
Amendments are currently being considered
Hardrock Mining and Reclamation Act (2009): ends the patenting process and requires miners to pay the government percentages of their profits

44. Additional Mining Regulations
Lesson 13.3 Mining Impacts and Regulation
Additional Mining Regulations
Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 governs leasing of public lands for fossil fuel, phosphate, sodium, and sulfur mining.
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (1977) requires that coal-mining companies restore land after mining is complete.
An abandoned mine in New York state, now home to hibernating bats

45. Lesson 13.3 Mining Impacts and Regulation
Mine Safety
First law, passed in 1891, established ventilation requirements for coal mines and prohibited miners under 12.
Today, the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 regulates mine safety.
In 2010, an underground explosion in a West Virginia mine killed 29 miners.

47. Responsible Mineral Use
Lesson 13.3 Mining Impacts and Regulation
Responsible Mineral Use
Minerals are nonrenewable resources.
Reducing use, reusing, and recycling minerals can help minimize the negative impacts of mining and address limited supplies.
Did You Know? Extracting aluminum ore takes 20 times more energy than obtaining it from recycled sources.