2. Chapter IV The American Civil War (1861-1865)

4. I. The Situation Before the WarThe Situation Before the War 1. Three Great Tides A. Westward Movement a. Immigrants from Europe hoped to find a more favorable environment on the frontier. b. Local farmers lost land without better life. c. Countless workers lost jobs.

6. Gold Rush

7. B. Two economic systems a. In the North the capitalist economy developed rapidly. They needed free labor. b. In the South the plantation owners insisted on keeping the slavery system for cheap labor. c. This was the main cause of the conflict and also the main cause of the Civil War.

8. C. Growth of the working class a. Along with the development of the capitalist industry, the workers became poorer and poorer. b. They organized themselves to struggle for better pay, so trade unions were organized. c. Workers movement gathered strength in America.

9. 2. The Slavery Problem A. Northern states got rid of the slaves not because it was inhuman but the slave labour was not profitable. B. Slaves were making huge profits for their white masters in the South. C. The living conditions of the slaves were very poor, and they were treated cruelly. D. In 1852, “ Uncle Tom ’ s Cabin ” aroused a great and universal hatred for slavery. E. The Negro slaves struggled for their freedom.

11. 3. The Political Conflicts A. In 1854 Douglas Bill made slavery possible in new territories, which aroused angry debate. B. The new two-party system was established: Republican party and Democratic party with different opinions to slavery. C. On Oct. 16th, 1859, John Brown ’ s uprising won the hearts of the Northerners and helped the outbreak of the Civil War.

12. D. In 1860, Abraham Lincoln was elected president, but the South began to leave the Union and planned to set up a new country called “ the Confederate Union of America ”. E. It was the struggle between the progressive and the backward, so the slavery system had to be eliminated for it stood in the way for the further development of the capitalist economy.

14. II. The Progress of the Civil War 1. Breakout of the War A. The Southerners struck the first blow by attacking Fort Sumter.Fort Sumter B. Lincoln and the president of the Confederacy called for soldiers.Lincoln and the president of the Confederacy C. On April 19th, 1861, Lincoln ordered the Federal Navy to blockade the Atlantic coast from South Carolina to Florida.

15. 2. The Contrast between the North and the South A. Advantages of the North a. A mighty economy due to its ability of industrial production. b. 23states remaining in the Union. c. ¾ of the entire territory of the country. d. A large population of about 23 million people. e. 2/3 of the national wealth. f. A convenient transportation system.

16. B. Situation of the South a. An agricultural economy, with backward industry. b. Only 11 states. c. 9 million people including 3.8 million slaves. d. Poor in finance. e. An important transportation system.

17. 3. The Progress of the War A. At the beginning of the war a. The North did not make full use of the advantages and the generals were hesitant. b. The North suffered many defeats. B. The two main arenas of war a. The Confederate army won many battles on the Eastern Arena while they were defeated on the Western Arena. b. In July, 1861, the battle of Bull Run, the Union was beaten. c. From June 25th to July 1st, 1862, seven days ’ battles, Union troops were driven backward.

18. d. The battle of Chancellorsville, the Union forces suffered severe defeat. e. But none of the Confederation victories had been decisive. f. The Union forces won a great victory at Gettysburg and this encouraged the Union army. Gettysburg g. In the Mississippi Valley, the Union forces won an uninterrupted series of victories. h. On July 4th, 1863, the strongest Confederate army in the West surrendered. i. On April 9th, 1865, the South was defeated.

19. 4. The Homestead Bill and the Emancipation Proclamation A. In order to get support from the broad masses, in May 1862, Lincoln issued the Homestead Bill, which stimulated the development of capitalist agriculture in the South. B. On Sep. 22nd, 1862, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing the slaves in the rebelling states and permitting them to join the armed forces of the North. It declared the abolition of slavery an objective of the war and the declared objection of saving the Union with great importance. Emancipation Proclamationgreat importance

20. 5. Significance and effects of the War A. The civil war was an epoch-making event in American history. B. It was a bourgeois revolution in nature, a continuation and expansion of the War of Independence. C. It was a struggle of life and death between two social systems, between the progressive and the backward. D. The abolition of slavery and the emancipation of the Negroes enabled the country to develop more rapidly in every field. E. It also extended its far-reaching influence to the European revolution.

21. The End

22. Defender monument

23. The battle of Gettysburg, July 3d. 1863.

24. The Battle of Gettysburg

25. American Civil War-Gettysburg Address

26. Gettysburg address original

27. Pennsylvania Gettysburg battlefield monument

28. Emancipation Proclamation was issued

29. Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation was issued on January 1, 1863

30. April 14, 1865: John Wilkes Booth and the Assassination of President Abraham Lincoln

32. Fort Sumter

35. The Confederate Soldier The Union Soldier

36. The Significance of the Emancipation Proclamation  It was a progressive event, helping to end the war sooner  Negroes actually took part in the war and made great contributions to the victory of the North  The North began to gain advantage in the war