1. Good Morning! Please pick up a copy of the Key Ideas review by the door……

3. End of Course Exam Review Objective: Review the key terms and topics in biology that students find most confusing.

6. Finish for HW!

9. 1. Validity refers to whether or not an experiment is a “fair test” of the research question. Robert wanted to find out if playing music helps plants grow taller. He set up two groups of plants as shown below: Is this a valid experiment? Explain why or why not. No. Group A and B plants not getting the same amount of light. Cardboard box music player window Group A Group B

10. 2. Reliability refers to how to much confidence you can have that the results of an experiment are accurate. Alicia wanted to find out if playing music helps plants grow taller. She set up two plants as shown below: Yes. No. Repeat experiment or use more plants. Cardboard box music player Group AGroup B Light bulb Is this a valid experiment? Is it reliable? What should Alicia do to make sure the results of his experiment are reliable?

11. 2. Reliability refers to how to much confidence you can have that the results of an experiment are accurate. Alicia wanted to find out if playing music helps plants grow taller. He set up two plants as shown below: Cardboard box music player Group AGroup B Light bulb Is this a valid experiment? Is it reliable? What should Alicia do to make sure the results of his experiment are reliable? Yes. No. Repeat experiment or use more plants.

12. 3. Manipulated variable refers to the one thing that’s changed in an experiment. Alicia wanted to find out if playing music helps plants grow taller. He set up two groups of plants as shown below: Playing of music Cardboard box music player Group AGroup B Light bulb What is the manipulated variable in Alicia’s experiment?

13. 4. Responding variable refers to the thing that’s measured to see how it responds to the manipulated variable. Alicia wanted to find out if playing music helps plants grow taller. She set up two groups of plants as shown below: Height of plants Cardboard box music player Group AGroup B Light bulb What is the responding variable in Alicia’s experiment?

14. 5. Controlled variables refer to all the things that are kept the same between experimental groups to make sure that it’s a fair test, to make sure the experiment is valid. All same kind of plants. Same amount of light, same amount of water, same amount of soil. Cardboard box music player Group AGroup B Light bulb What should be three controlled variables in Alicia’s experiment?

15. 6. You are trying to get rid of dandelions and other weeds in your front yard and help the grass grow more. You are considering adding herbicide to kill the weeds or fertilizer to help the grass outgrow the weeds. Describe a way to test whether using herbicide or lawn fertilizer would be more effective in solving the weed problem. Be sure your description includes A method for testing each solution. The data to be collected to determine whether using herbicide or fertilizer is more effective for solving the weed problem. 1. Measure out two 5x5 meter areas of lawn. Add herbicide to one area. Count how many weeds there to start with, and how many after a month. 2. Add fertilizer to the other area. Count how many weeds there are to start with, and how many after a month. See which area has fewer weeds.

16. 7. Unintended consequences = bad things that happen because of something we did. Describe two unintended consequences that could result from adding plants to your garden that are new to the Pacific NW, and explain how the unintended consequences could affect other plants and animals here. Could escape from your garden. Could crowd out other plants in ecosystems. Could be poisonous to animals.

18. 8. Population density is a measure of how many individual animals or plants there are in a particular area. Population density is found by counting how many individuals there are in a certain size area and dividing by the size of the area. What would be the population density of…. (Show your work!) 2 owls in 5 square miles of forest? _________ owls per square mile. 53 crayfish in 40 square meters of a stream. ___________ crayfish per square meter. 1 mi 2 owls/5 sq. mi = ______ 0.4 53 crayfish/40 sq. m = ______ 1.3

19. 9. Positive feedback loops are when changing one thing causes a continual increase or continual decrease in another thing. Negative feedback loops are when increasing one thing causes an alternating increase and decrease of the other thing. Is the predator-prey relationship shown below a positive or negative feedback loop? Explain your answer. (not in book) Negative feedback. Populations going up and down instead of just up or just down.

20. Negative Feedback: Insulin and Blood sugar levels Insulin from pancreas takes glucose out of blood, absorbs into cells. As blood sugar level goes up, insulin production goes up. As insulin level goes up, blood sugar level goes down. As blood sugar level goes down, insulin production goes down.

21. Positive feedback loop More births cause population to increase. Bigger population causes births to increase. Continual increase, no alternating increases and decreases.

22. Equilibrium = Everything in _________ balance

23. Finish for HW!

24. 10. What is equilibrium in an ecosystem? How would introducing a new species of snake to an ecosystem disrupt the equilibrium there? Everything in balance. Native snakes would have to compete. Populations of snake prey would probably decrease.

25. 11. What is photosynthesis and why is it important to life on Earth? Way plants use light to make food (sugar, glucose). Plants at beginning of almost all food chains.

26. Hydrothermal vent

27. 12. Identify the inputs and outputs of photosynthesis using words. Where does photosynthesis take place in plant cells? ______________________________ chloroplasts In: carbon dioxide + water + light Out: Sugar (glucose) + oxygen

28. 13. How is energy transformed and transferred in the forest ecosystem? In photosynthesis, light energy transformed to chemical energy (sugar). Transform = change form Chemical energy transferred when animals eat plants or other animals. Transfer = same form, moved from one thing to another.

29. 14. What is biodiversity, and how does it contribute to healthy ecosystems? Variety of living things. More sources of food, shelter.

30. 15. What is cellular respiration and why is it important to plants and animals? How living things break down sugar to get energy All living things get energy from sugar.

31. 16. Identify the inputs and outputs of cellular respiration using words. Where does cellular respiration take place in cells? _______________________ mitochondria Cell respiration produces energy by adding a 3 rd phosphate to ADP, converting it to ___________ ATP Out: carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP) In: Sugar (glucose) + oxygen

32. Both forms of energy, both needed by cells. Glucose has more energy, but less usable form. ATP has less energy, but more usable form. Glucose like $100 bill -- ATP like $1 bills Glucose and ATP

33. Do plants do cellular respiration? Yes! Plants need to break down sugar for energy too!

34. Questions?

35. Video: Photosynthesis & Cell Respiration http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-simple-but-fascinating-story- of-photosynthesis-and-food-amanda-ooten#watch

36. Carbon Cycle

37. Nitrogen Cycle

38. 17. Nitrogen makes up 78% of atmosphere, and living things need it to make proteins. But atmospheric nitrogen has to be changed into a different forms for living things to use it for making proteins. How do plants and animals get nitrogen in a form they can use? N in air taken in by bacteria in soil, changed to form plants can take in through roots. Animals get nitrogen from eating plants, other animals Peanuts are high in protein because the roots of the peanut plant contain bacteria that can “fix” nitrogen for making protein. N2N2 NO 2 NO 3

39. Red Alder Which Naturescape tree is able to “fix” nitrogen?

40. 18. What’s the difference between active and passive transport in cells? Active transport requires energy, passive doesn’t.

41. Diffusion or Osmosis? Diffusion = movement of any kind of molecules from area of high concentration to low. How things naturally spread out evenly. Osmosis = movement of water molecules through a membrane.

42. High concentration Low concentration 1. Rolling ball downhill is like _________ transport. 2. Rolling ball uphill is like ____________transport. Cell membrane passive Concentration gradient

43. High concentration Low concentration 1. Rolling ball downhill is like _________ transport. 2. Rolling ball uphill is like ____________transport. Cell membrane passive Concentration gradient

44. High concentration Low concentration 1. Rolling ball downhill is like _________ transport. 2. Rolling ball uphill is like ____________transport. Cell membrane passive active Concentration gradient

45. High concentration Low concentration 1. Rolling ball downhill is like _________ transport. 2. Rolling ball uphill is like ____________transport. Cell membrane passive active Concentration gradient

46. Animations and Quiz: (diffusion, active vs. passive transport) http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/diffusion.html

47. Videos Diffusion & Osmosis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OXCKjhE1xco Active & Passive Transport http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kfy92hdaAH0

48. Questions?

49. Check for Understanding Of what’s been covered so far…. – Put a ✓ by the questions you understand well. – Put a ? By the questions you don’t understand well. On scratch paper: Your name Tell me what topics/words you don’t understand well. Any questions you have about anything.

50. Finish for HW!

51. 19. Explain how DNA, chromosomes, genes, proteins, and traits are related to each other. Chromosomes = bundles of DNA. DNA = holds code for making proteins. Gene = section of DNA, holds code for making particular protein. Traits like hair color determined by proteins.

52. Which cell structure joins amino acids together to make proteins? __________________ ribosomes

53. Video: DNA http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-twisting-tale-of- dna-judith-hauck#watch

54. 20. How many sets of chromosomes does a typical animal cell have? 2 sets of chromosomes, one from each parent How many chromosomes does each human body cell have? _______ How many homologous pairs? __________ 46 23

55. 21. What kind of cells are made in mitosis? How do daughter cells compare with the parent cells? Body cells. Daughter cells same as parent cell. Parent cell Daughter cells Mitosis = “My TOES- ees”. How you make more toe cells, body cells.

56. 22. What kind of cells are made in meiosis? How do daughter cells compare with parent cells? Reproductive cells, gametes (sperm and egg). Daughter cells different from parent cells. Parent cell Daughter cells Mei-O-sis = The way we make EGG and sperm cells. All offspring look DIFFERENT.

57. Videos: Mitosis & Meiosis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ba9LXKH2ztU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toWK0fIyFlY Short (2 minutes) Long (7 minutes)

58. 23. What is the difference between a dominant allele and a recessive one? How many recessive alleles does an organism have to have in order to show that trait? Dominant stronger, recessive weaker. Dominant overpowers recessive. Need 2 recessive alleles to show the trait.

59. 24. A homozygous blue eyed man marries a heterozygous brown-eyed woman. What is the probability that their first child will have blue eyes? Use a Punnett square to explain your answer. (B = brown eyes, b = blue eyes) bb B b Bb bb 50% probability blue eyes (bb) 50% probability brown eyes (Bb)

60. Punnett Square Practice Problems http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio105/genep rob.htm

61. Check for Understanding Of what’s been covered so far…. – Put a ✓ by questions you understand well. – Put a ? by questions you don’t understand well. On scratch paper: Your name Tell me what topics/words you don’t understand well. Any questions you have about anything.

62. What is evolution? How life changes over time, how new species of living things come from old ones.

63. 25. What are mutations? Changes in DNA. Caused by… – Mistakes made in copying DNA for new cells, or – Exposure to chemicals, radiation from environment.

64. 26. How can mutations affect evolution of a species by natural selection? Mutations = more variations (differences ) in offspring. More chances some may be better adapted for survival than others. How did mutations in finch beaks and tortoise necks affect evolution of these animals in the Galapagos islands?

65. 27. How does evolution by natural selection explain why giraffes have long necks? Giraffes born with longer necks better able to survive, so reproduced and passed trait to offspring. Short neck giraffes didn’t survive and died out. Wrong: Giraffes made their necks get longer by stretching, passed trait to offspring.

66. Videos: Evolution & Natural Selection https://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=GhHOjC4oxh8 https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=0SCjhI86grU

67. Video: Positive & Negative Feedback Loops http://ed.ted.com/lessons/feedback-loops-how-nature-gets-its-rhythms-anje-margriet- neutel?utm_source=TED-Ed+Subscribers&utm_campaign=d8af586ac0- 2013_09_219_19_2013&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_1aaccced48-d8af586ac0- 46516589

68. Questions?

69. What has been an unintended consequence of people using antibacterial soaps and house cleaners? Making it harder to kill bacteria, causing spread of bacteria resistant to antibiotics…...

70. HW: Due Monday!

71. That’s it! 3 Test Taking Tips: 1.Skip hard ones, come back to them later 2.READ & FOLLOW DIRECTIONS! 3.Check answers when done. Did you include everything asked for in answers? More EOC Review stuff on class website….

74. Still Unclear….? Punnett Squares (dihybrid cross) Osmosis & diffusion Active & passive transport Cell respiration & photosynthesis DNA, chromosomes, genes, & proteins Meiosis & mitosis Energy transformation and transferral Constraints Unintended consequences Nitrogen cycle