1. Chapter 16 Vocabulary Ten of these terms will end up on your Chapter test—learn them all!

2. Boer Dutch farmer in southern Africa Dutch farmer in southern Africa

3. capitalism Investment of money to make a profit Investment of money to make a profit

4. conquistador Spanish conqueror Spanish conqueror

5. creole American-born descendant of Spanish settlers American-born descendant of Spanish settlers

6. encomienda The right to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans in a particular area The right to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans in a particular area

7. Pilgrim English Protestant who rejected practices of the Church of England English Protestant who rejected practices of the Church of England

8. tariff Tax on imported goods Tax on imported goods

9. mestizo Person of mixed Spanish and Native American descent Person of mixed Spanish and Native American descent

10. Middle Passage Part of a trade network that sent enslaved people from Africa to the Americas Part of a trade network that sent enslaved people from Africa to the Americas

11. inflation Economic cycle that involves a rise in prices linked to a sharp increase in available money Economic cycle that involves a rise in prices linked to a sharp increase in available money

12. plantation Large estate run by an owner or overseer Large estate run by an owner or overseer

13. viceroy Person appointed to rule a Spanish province in the king’s name Person appointed to rule a Spanish province in the king’s name

14. Bartolomé de Las Casas Spanish priest who worked to end abuses against Native Americans Spanish priest who worked to end abuses against Native Americans

15. Samuel de Champlain Founder of Quebec Founder of Quebec

16. Moctezuma Aztec emperor Aztec emperor

17. Shaka Zulu leader who waged war against nearby peoples in southern Africa Zulu leader who waged war against nearby peoples in southern Africa

18. Usman dan Fodio Fulani scholar who set up an Islamic state in West Africa Fulani scholar who set up an Islamic state in West Africa

19. STOP HERE! For Now! For Now!

20. Main Ideas Memorize these as well as you know your own phone number! Memorize these as well as you know your own phone number!

21. Spanish explorers traveled to the Americas to find gold. Spanish explorers traveled to the Americas to find gold.

22. The culture that developed in Brazil blended Native American and African influences with those of Portugal. The culture that developed in Brazil blended Native American and African influences with those of Portugal.

23. One result from encounters between the Spanish and Native Americans was the Native American population declined. One result from encounters between the Spanish and Native Americans was the Native American population declined.

24. The Treaty of Paris of 1763 resulted in British control of eastern North America. The Treaty of Paris of 1763 resulted in British control of eastern North America.

25. Corn represents a Native American influence on European colonists. Corn represents a Native American influence on European colonists.

26. By the 1500s, the most important element of African trade with Europeans was enslaved Africans. By the 1500s, the most important element of African trade with Europeans was enslaved Africans.

27. Europe’s middle class during the 1500s and 1600s enjoyed a comfortable life. Europe’s middle class during the 1500s and 1600s enjoyed a comfortable life.

28. Many of the new kingdoms that developed in West Africa in the early modern age were influenced by Islamic reforms. Many of the new kingdoms that developed in West Africa in the early modern age were influenced by Islamic reforms.

29. Christopher Columbus began a vast global exchange. Christopher Columbus began a vast global exchange.

30. Mercantilism was based on a belief that a nation’s real wealth was measured in its gold and silver treasure. Mercantilism was based on a belief that a nation’s real wealth was measured in its gold and silver treasure.

31. Critical Thinking The following ideas are a bit more complex and require you to think at a higher level. They also require more study time. The following ideas are a bit more complex and require you to think at a higher level. They also require more study time.

32. What role did the Catholic Church play in governing Spain’s American empire? Church leaders served as royal officials and helped regulate activities of Spanish settlers in the Americas. Church leaders served as royal officials and helped regulate activities of Spanish settlers in the Americas. Missionaries worked to emphasize loyalty to the king of Spain and to introduce Spanish culture to Native Americans. Missionaries worked to emphasize loyalty to the king of Spain and to introduce Spanish culture to Native Americans.

33. How did Columbus begin a global exchange? Columbus brought people, plants, and animals from the Americas to Europe. Columbus brought people, plants, and animals from the Americas to Europe. He also took European settlers, plants, and animals to the Americas. He also took European settlers, plants, and animals to the Americas. This exchange sparked a vast movement of people, ideas, and technologies. This exchange sparked a vast movement of people, ideas, and technologies.

34. What were the results of the first Spanish encounters with Native Americans? The Spanish seized Native American resources, enslaved the people and forced them to convert to Christianity, and introduced diseases that wiped out Native American populations. The Spanish seized Native American resources, enslaved the people and forced them to convert to Christianity, and introduced diseases that wiped out Native American populations.

35. What was the impact of the Atlantic slave trade on Africa? As a result of the slave trade, West Africa lost much of its population. Some African societies and small states disappeared. As a result of the slave trade, West Africa lost much of its population. Some African societies and small states disappeared. New states, whose way of life depended upon the slave trade, rose in West Africa during the 1600s and 1700s. New states, whose way of life depended upon the slave trade, rose in West Africa during the 1600s and 1700s.