1. 50  m

4. Figure 28.1c Too diverse for one kingdom: a slime mold (Physarum polychalum)

6. Figure 28.4 A model of the origin of eukaryotes

7. Cyanobacterium Heterotrophic eukaryote Primary endosymbiosis Red algae Green algae Secondary endosymbiosis Secondary endosymbiosis Plastid Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Stramenopiles Euglenids Chlorarachniophytes Plastid Alveolates

8. Diplomonads Parabasalids Kinetoplastids Euglenids Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Ciliates Oomycetes Diatoms Golden algae Brown algae Chlorarachniophytes Foraminiferans Radiolarians Gymnamoebas Entamoebas Plasmodial slime molds Cellular slime molds Fungi Choanoflagellates Metazoans Red algae Chlorophytes Charophyceans Plants Ancestral eukaryote Chlorophyta Plantae Rhodophyta Animalia Fungi (Opisthokonta) (Archaeplastida) Diplomonadida Parabasala Euglenozoa Alveolata Stramenopila Cercozoa Radiolaria Amoebozoa Excavata Chromalveolata Rhizaria Unikonta

9. Figure 28.9 Giardia lamblia, a diplomonad

10. Figure 28.10 Trichomonas vaginalis, a parabasalid

11. Figure 28.3 Euglena: an example of a single–celled protist

12. Flagella 0.2 µm Crystalline rod Ring of microtubules

13. Figure 28.11x Trypanosoma, the kinetoplastid that causes sleeping sickness 9  m

14. Figure 28.12 A dinoflagellate 3 µm Flagella

15. Figure 28.12x2 Swimming with bioluminescent dinoflagellates

16. Figure 28.14c Ciliates: Paramecium

17. CONJUGATION AND REPRODUCTION 3 Two rounds of cytokinesis partition one macronucleus and one micronucleus into each of four daughter cells. 9 The original macro- nucleus disintegrates. Four micronuclei become macronuclei, while the other four remain micronuclei. 8 Three rounds of mitosis without cytokinesis produce eight micronuclei. 7 Micronuclei fuse, forming a diploid micronucleus. 6 The cells separate. 5 The cells swap one micronucleus. 4 Three micronuclei in each cell disintegrate. The remaining micro- nucleus in each cell divides by mitosis. Meiosis of micronuclei produces four haploid micronuclei in each cell. 2 Two cells of compatible mating strains align side by side and partially fuse. 1 MICRONUCLEAR FUSION Diploid micronucleus Haploid micronucleus MEIOSIS Compatible mates Key Conjugtion Reproduction Macronucleus

18. Smooth flagellum Hairy flagellum 5 µm

19. Figure 28.16x2 Water mold: Oogonium

20. Figure 28.x2 Powdery mildew

21. Figure 28.17 Diatoms: Diatom diversity (left), Pinnularia (left)

22. 3 µm

23. Figure 28.18 A golden alga

24. Figure 28.20x1 Kelp forest

25. Blade Stipe Holdfast

26. Figure 28.21 The life cycle of Laminaria: an example of alternation of generations

27. Figure 28.28 Foraminiferan

28. radiolarian 200 µm Axopodia

29. Figure 28.26 Use of pseudopodia for feeding

30. Figure 28.29x1 Plasmodial slime mold

31. Figure 28.30x2 Stages of Dictyostelium

32. Figure 28.22 Red algae: Dulse (top), Bonnemaisonia hamifera (bottom)

33. Figure 28.23 Colonial and multicellular chlorophytes: Volvox (left), Caulerpa (right)