1. Hydroelectric Generation CEE 6490 David Rosenberg

2. Learning Objectives 1.Explain how hydroelectric generation complements and enhances an energy generation system. 2.Describe the basic components of a hydroelectric generation system. 3.Differentiate hydropower generation systems. 4.Apply the laws of thermodynamics to calculate available power and generated energy. 5.Simulate the energy generated by a time- series of reservoir releases. David Rosenberg 2

3. Motivation David Rosenberg 3 Hydropower is a significant part of the U.S. energy supply

4. U.S. Energy production by source over the last 60 years (EIA, 2007) David Rosenberg 4 U

5. Base load and peak demand Fossil fuel production good at meeting base load. Why? Hydropower really flexible to meet peak (and economically valuable) demand. Why? Energy Demands David Rosenberg 5 energy demand 24 hours base load (thermal, nuc.) low-cost peaking (hydro) peaking (oil)

6. Basic Components 6

7. Some examples 7 Right: Norris Dam (TVA) Left: Moccasin penstock and dam (Hetch Hetchy, CA)

8. Types of Hydropower Systems Run-of-river (no storage) Pondage (small storage; days - week) Storage (seasonal) Pump-storage (bi-directional) Re-regulating (after bay reservoirs) Micro (small head; off-stream) David Rosenberg 8

9. Oroville Reservoir and Thermalito Fore- and Afterbays (CA DWR) David Rosenberg 9

10. David Rosenberg 10 Example #1: What type of project is the Bertini Plant on the Adda River? Edison SpA 29.1 m head 11 MW installed capacity 51 GWh production Completed 1898

11. Energy Generation Principles 1 st law of Thermodynamics –Conservation of energy –Can not create or destroy energy – no free lunch – … or mass. Why? –How does this apply to a dam? David Rosenberg 11

12. 1 st Law of Thermo (cont.) A dam stores energy in the form of the elevation difference between two pools of water datum channel bottom 1 T 2 z1z1 z2z2 the “potential” David Rosenberg 12

13. Energy Generation Principles 2 nd law of Thermodynamics –Entropy increases over time –Irreversible effects –You can not break even – Why? David Rosenberg 13

14. Some energy is lost in the process 2 nd Law of Thermo (cont.) datum channel bottom 1 T 2 z1z1 z2z2 entrance bends exit friction David Rosenberg 14

15. 2 nd Law of Thermo (cont.) And more energy is lost in the conversion –The power provided to the turbine by water moving through the penstock is: (dimensions: force length / time) –Energy supplied to the turbine = multiply the amount of time by which the power is provided: (dimensions: force length) David Rosenberg 15

16. 2 nd Law of Thermo (cont.) And more energy is lost in the conversion (cont.) –The turbine is not 100% efficient at converting the energy of falling water into energy of motion to turn the generator η T = Turbine efficiency (< 1) [a function of flow, head, turbine design, etc.] –The generator is not 100% efficient at converting energy of turbine motion into electric energy η G = Turbine efficiency (< 1) –Transmission lines are not 100% efficient either (η C < 1 – 0.08) David Rosenberg 16

17. Example #2. Available Power What is the power delivered, respectively, to the turbine, generators, and end users (a long distance away) from a run-of-river project operating with a flow of 10 cms, 70 m of available head, and turbine and generator efficiencies of 80% and 90% respectively? –Specific weight of water = 9,800 kg m -2 s -2 Solution: David Rosenberg 17

18. Turbine Design David Rosenberg 18 Source: Mays (2005), p. 502

19. Turbine Efficiency David Rosenberg 19 Source: Mays (2005), p. 502

20. Simulating Reservoir Energy Generation Recall –E = γ η Q H T Δt –Constants: γ (specific gravity of water) and Δt (time step) –State variables: H T (net head) and η (efficiency) –Decision variable: Q (flow through turbine) Keep in mind –Flow through turbine may differ from reservoir release David Rosenberg 20

21. In WEAP Run of River Hydro Plant Reservoir Example #3. Enter the data for Example #2 as a new run of river hydropower plant. David Rosenberg 21

22. Conclusions Hydropower is a versatile and valuable energy source to meet peak energy demand Different types of system designs and configurations Convert energy of falling water to mechanical energy and onto electrical energy Inefficiencies along the way Can integrate energy generation into WEAP (and other) models to simulate reservoir operations David Rosenberg 22