4. Pangea: The hypothetical landmass that existed when all continents were joined, from about 300 to 200 million years ago.

5. Continental Drift Theory: Idea that the continents were once one continent but they have moved to be separate continents today.

6. Plate Tectonics: The Earth is made up of 14 different Plates in which we are floating on. When the plates collide they can create earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains, tsunamis or geysers.

7. Plate Movement Divergent Boundaries Convergent Boundaries Transform Boundaries

8. Divergent Boundary The word diverge is a word used by scientists to describe what happens when two objects move away from each other. So, a divergent boundary is a boundary where two tectonic plates are moving away from one another. This most often takes place at ocean ridges.

9. Divergent Boundaries

10. Convergent Boundary Examples Converge is a large word that scientists use to describe two objects that come together. In the case of plate tectonics, the two objects coming together are large plate-like pieces of the Earth’s crust. As these two plates push against each other, one is ultimately forced down beneath the other. When this happens near two plates that are about the same size, we see the earth above the two meeting plates rise, forming spectacular mountain ranges. A parallel oceanic trench typically forms just off the shore, as one plate descends deep into the Earth’s core. There are two main types of Convergent Boundaries: 1.Oceanic Convergent Boundary 2.Continental Convergent Boundary

11. Oceanic Convergent Boundary Where an Oceanic Plate (Smaller) collides with a Continental Plate (Larger). The Larger plate forces the smaller plate into the mantle and therefor recycling the Oceanic crust. The places where this takes place is known as “Subduction Zones”. This is where crust is destroyed and recycled back into the interior of the Earth as one plate dives under another. Where an Oceanic Plate (Smaller) collides with a Continental Plate (Larger). The Larger plate forces the smaller plate into the mantle and therefor recycling the Oceanic crust. The places where this takes place is known as “Subduction Zones”. This is where crust is destroyed and recycled back into the interior of the Earth as one plate dives under another.

12. Continental Convergent Boundary When two plates approximately the same size meet head-on. The crust tends to buckle and be pushed upward or sideways. This movement is how mountains are formed

13. Transform Boundary The final type of boundary is one where the two plates slide against each other in a sideways motion. These boundaries between plates is referred to as transform boundaries. As two plates slide past one another, in a transform boundary, neither plate is added to at the boundary, nor destroyed. The result of two massive plates pushing against one another is that massive amounts of energy build up. Occasionally this energy is released suddenly in the form of large earthquakes.

14. Earthquake: A sudden violent movement of the earth's crust caused by the release of stress faults or by volcanic activity.

15. Plate Movement in the Earth

16. Volcanoes Cinder Cone Volcano Shield Volcano Composite Volcano

17. Magma: Molten material beneath or within the earth's crust, from which igneous rock is formed. Lava: The molten, fluid rock that issues from a volcano or volcanic vent.

18. Cinder Cones A type of volcano made of many layers of broken rocks and ash. Wizard Island found in Crater Lake and Lava Butte in Oregon are examples.

19. Simplest type of volcano. Built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single vent Breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval cone Cinder cones are numerous in western North America

21. cinder cone on Kilauea

23. Crater Lake is a caldera, the remains of an ancient Pleistocene volcano named Mt. Mazama. The caldera was formed when Mt. Mazama violently erupted some 7600 years ago, causing the entire top of the mountain to fall in on its self. Once it collapsed and sealed, snow melt and rain filled the caldera, and formed what we know now as Crater Lake.

25. Shield Volcanoes This volcano is made from many layers of lava. This lava was very fluid when it flowed out of the volcano. These volcanoes have very large bases. Most Hawaiian volcanoes are this type.

26. Built almost entirely of fluid lava flows. Profile much like that of a warrior's shield. Lava pours out in all directions from a central summit vent, or group of vents, building a broad, gently sloping cone of flat, domical shape. Some of the largest volcanoes in the world are shield volcanoes.

28. Composite Volcanoes This volcano is made of alternating layers of ash and lava. They are very explosive volcanoes. Mt. St. Helens and Mt. Rainier is this type.

29. Some of the Earth's grandest mountains are composite volcanoes--sometimes called stratovolcanoes. Typically steep-sided, symmetrical cones of large dimension built of alternating layers of lava flows, volcanic ash, cinders, blocks. Mount Fuji in Japan, Mount Hood in Oregon, and Mount St. Helens and Mount Rainier in Washington. Most composite volcanoes have a crater at the summit which contains a central vent or a clustered group of vents. Lavas either flow through breaks in the crater wall or issue from fissures on the flanks of the cone.

30. Mount Hood in Oregon

33. Tsunami: An unusually large wave produced by an underwater quake or undersea volcanic eruption.