1. Identifying the Properties of Respiration

2. Bell Work: 3/4/14 Please pick up your binder and a copy of today’s notes, “Identifying the properties of Respiration.” Please pick up your binder and a copy of today’s notes, “Identifying the properties of Respiration.”

3. Photosynthesis - Respiration Comparison Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Occurs only in green plants Occurs only in green plants Occurs only in green plant cells Occurs only in green plant cells Proceeds only in light Proceeds only in light Food is made Food is made Increases dry weight Increases dry weight CO 2, H 2 O are used CO 2, H 2 O are used Produces sugars and O 2 Produces sugars and O 2 Stores energy in sugar Stores energy in sugar ATP & NADPH produced ATP & NADPH produced ATP & NADPH used for synthesis of sugar ATP & NADPH used for synthesis of sugar Respiration Occurs in all plants and animals Occurs in all living cells Proceeds in light and darkness Food is used Decreases dry weight Sugar and O 2 are used Produces CO 2 and H 2 O Releases energy ATP produced ATP used for many reactions

4. Photosynthesis

5. Light Reaction Hill Reaction (Granum) Dark Reaction Calvin Cycle (Stroma)

6. Respiration

7. Plant Respiration Plants breath and need to make energy!

8. Respiration Occurs in both light and darkness Occurs in both light and darkness

9. Respiration has Three Processes 1. Glycolysis 1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle 2. Krebs Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain 3. Electron Transport Chain

10. Respiration has Three Processes

11. Respiration Respiration is the process by which cells of a living organism use energy stored in food molecules to make ATP. Respiration is the process by which cells of a living organism use energy stored in food molecules to make ATP. The bonds between the phosphate groups of ATP are unstable and their hydrolysis (where the bonds are broken) releases energy that can be used to drive other cellular processes. The bonds between the phosphate groups of ATP are unstable and their hydrolysis (where the bonds are broken) releases energy that can be used to drive other cellular processes.

12. Respiration - Definition Chemical process by which sugars and starches produced by photosynthesis are converted to energy Chemical process by which sugars and starches produced by photosynthesis are converted to energy

13. Respiration Carbohydrates made during Photosynthesis are of value to the plant when they are converted to energy. Carbohydrates made during Photosynthesis are of value to the plant when they are converted to energy. This energy is used in the process of building new tissues, or plant growth. This energy is used in the process of building new tissues, or plant growth. The chemical process by which sugars and starches produced in Photosynthesis are converted to energy is called RESPIRATION. The chemical process by which sugars and starches produced in Photosynthesis are converted to energy is called RESPIRATION.

14. In animals, blood carries CO 2 and O 2 to and from atmosphere by lungs and gills. In animals, blood carries CO 2 and O 2 to and from atmosphere by lungs and gills. In plants, these gases diffuse into plants through the stomata. In plants, these gases diffuse into plants through the stomata. Respiration

15. Respiration Occurs in all life forms and in the mitochondria organelle of all cells. Occurs in all life forms and in the mitochondria organelle of all cells.

16. Mitochondria The Mitochondria contain the Cristae & the Matrix. Cristae: Highly folded inner membrane Matrix: Space inside the inner membrane.

17. Dividing Mitochondria

18. Mitochondria Cristae Matrix

19. A Respiration Flow Chart

20. Respiration - Equation

21. Respiration General Reaction The equation tells us that glucose reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water with the release of energy. The equation tells us that glucose reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water with the release of energy. Energy can be electrons or ATP. ATP is formed in Glycolysis, the Kreb Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain. Energy can be electrons or ATP. ATP is formed in Glycolysis, the Kreb Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain.

22. Respiration The raw materials used in Respiration flow into the mitochondria, and from them useable energy emerges. The raw materials used in Respiration flow into the mitochondria, and from them useable energy emerges.

23. Respiration Plants use Oxygen in Respiration during the day as well as the night. Carbon Dioxide is one of the end products of Respiration in plants, just as in animals. Plants use Oxygen in Respiration during the day as well as the night. Carbon Dioxide is one of the end products of Respiration in plants, just as in animals.

24. Photosynthesis - Equation General Reaction Green Plant Light Energy Green Plant Light Energy

25. Respiration Consists of three major processes: Consists of three major processes: 1. Glycolysis 1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle 2. Krebs Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain 3. Electron Transport Chain

26. Respiration 1. Glycolysis 1. Glycolysis Takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell and requires no oxygen. Takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell and requires no oxygen.

27. Glycolysis In Glycolysis, a 6-carbon sugar is broken down into two, 3-carbon molecules called pyruvate. In the process, ATP is formed, and electrons are delivered to the ETC. In Glycolysis, a 6-carbon sugar is broken down into two, 3-carbon molecules called pyruvate. In the process, ATP is formed, and electrons are delivered to the ETC.

28. Respiration 1. Glycolysis 1. Glycolysis Occurs in the cytoplasm Occurs in the cytoplasm Glucose is broken down to form Pyruvate into Pyruvic Acid. Glucose is broken down to form Pyruvate into Pyruvic Acid. Two ATP’s are made. Two ATP’s are made. Electrons are delivered to the ETC. Electrons are delivered to the ETC.

29. Glycolysis In Glycolysis, glucose is broken down into two-3carbon molecules called Pyruvate. In the process, two ATP’s are used up and four ATP’s are made. In Glycolysis, glucose is broken down into two-3carbon molecules called Pyruvate. In the process, two ATP’s are used up and four ATP’s are made.

30. Glycolysis This results in a net yield of two ATP’s. This results in a net yield of two ATP’s. Four Electrons are delivered to the ETC. Four Electrons are delivered to the ETC.

31. Essence of Glycolysis In a series of reactions, the glucose molecule becomes a fructose molecule, carrying two phosphates. (P) This fructose molecule is split into 3-carbon fragments. NADH 2 & ATP is released. Some Hydrogen, energy, and water are removed from these 3-carbon fragments forming Pyruvate, which degrades to Pyruvic Acid.

32. Glycolysis - Review Occurs in the Cytoplasm of the cell. Occurs in the Cytoplasm of the cell. Glucose is broken down to form Pyruvate. Glucose is broken down to form Pyruvate. Two molecules of NADH are made. Two molecules of NADH are made. Two ATP’s are made. Two ATP’s are made. Electrons are delivered to the ETC. Electrons are delivered to the ETC.

33. Glycolysis - Produces Energy

34. Respiration Consists of three major processes: Consists of three major processes: 1. Glycolysis 1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle 2. Krebs Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain 3. Electron Transport Chain

35. Sir Hans A. Krebs

36. The Krebs Cycle was named after Hans Krebs, a British biochemist. The Krebs Cycle was named after Hans Krebs, a British biochemist. Born in Germany in 1900 Born in Germany in 1900 Professor of Biochemistry, Oxford, 1945 Professor of Biochemistry, Oxford, 1945 Discovered the citric acid cycle (Krebs Cycle) of respiration in 1953. Discovered the citric acid cycle (Krebs Cycle) of respiration in 1953. Won the Nobel Laureate in Medicine, 1953 Won the Nobel Laureate in Medicine, 1953 Knighted in 1958 Knighted in 1958 Died 1981 Died 1981

37. Krebs Cycle Before entering the Krebs Cycle, which takes place in the fluid Matrix within the compartments formed by the Cristae of the Mitochondria, Carbon Dioxide is released from the Pyruvate produced by Glycolysis.

38. Krebs Cycle During the Krebs Cycle, three molecules of NADH and one molecule of FADH2 (electron carriers) are formed. During the Krebs Cycle, three molecules of NADH and one molecule of FADH2 (electron carriers) are formed. One molecule of ATP is generated. One molecule of ATP is generated.

39. Krebs Cycle NADH and FADH2 (electron carriers) go on to deliver their electrons to the electron transport chain. NADH and FADH2 (electron carriers) go on to deliver their electrons to the electron transport chain.

40. Respiration 2. Krebs cycle 2. Krebs cycle Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria. Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria. The Cycle releases Carbon Dioxide. The Cycle releases Carbon Dioxide. NADH & FADH2 deliver their electrons to the ETC. NADH & FADH2 deliver their electrons to the ETC. ATP is generated. ATP is generated.

41. Respiration - Krebs Cycle

43. Krebs Produces CO 2 & Energy

44. Respiration - Krebs Cycle Review Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria The Cycle releases Carbon Dioxide. The Cycle releases Carbon Dioxide. NADH & FADH2 deliver their electrons to the ETC. NADH & FADH2 deliver their electrons to the ETC. ATP is generated ATP is generated

45. Respiration Consists of three major processes: Consists of three major processes: 1. Glycolysis 1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle 2. Krebs Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain 3. Electron Transport Chain

46. Respiration 3. Electron transport chain - ETC 3. Electron transport chain - ETC The ETC is located in the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane. The ETC is located in the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane. The ETC moves electrons down the chain producing ATP from ADP. The ETC moves electrons down the chain producing ATP from ADP. Uses Oxygen and Hydrogen to release water. Uses Oxygen and Hydrogen to release water.

47. Electron Transport Chain - Produces Water & Energy

48. Respiration - Electron Transport Chain

49. Electron Transport Chain Electrons from the Krebs Cycle electron carriers NADH & FADH 2 are delivered to the Electron Transport Chain. Electrons from the Krebs Cycle electron carriers NADH & FADH 2 are delivered to the Electron Transport Chain.

50. Electron Transport Chain - ETC The Electron Transport Chain is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The “chain” uses the energy of the “delivered” electrons to pump protons (H+) from the matrix of the mitochondria to the inner membrane space. The Electron Transport Chain is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The “chain” uses the energy of the “delivered” electrons to pump protons (H+) from the matrix of the mitochondria to the inner membrane space.

51. Electron Transport Chain - ETC This creates a proton gradient across the membrane (more protons in the inter-membrane space than the matrix). These protons move back across the membrane (down the gradient) through the protein complex called ATP synthase. This creates a proton gradient across the membrane (more protons in the inter-membrane space than the matrix). These protons move back across the membrane (down the gradient) through the protein complex called ATP synthase.

52. Electron Transport Chain This “movement” of protons through the ATP synthase, powers the synthesis of ATP from ADP. This “movement” of protons through the ATP synthase, powers the synthesis of ATP from ADP.

53. Notes on The ETC 1. The ETC is located in the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane. 1. The ETC is located in the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane. 2. The ETC moves electrons down the chain producing ATP from ADP. 2. The ETC moves electrons down the chain producing ATP from ADP. 3. Releases water 3. Releases water

54. Respiration

55. Summary of Respiration Respiration consists of Three Major Processes: GYLCOLYSIS KREBS CYCLE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

56. Factors that Influence Respiration 1. Temperature 1. Temperature 2. Oxygen Concentration 2. Oxygen Concentration 2. Soil Conditions 2. Soil Conditions 4. Light 4. Light

57. Factors Influencing Rates of Respiration 1. Temperature 1. Temperature There is a positive relationship between temperature and respiration. This is usually within the boundaries of 32 o F and 95 o F. There is a positive relationship between temperature and respiration. This is usually within the boundaries of 32 o F and 95 o F. Increased temperature means increased respiration. Increased temperature means increased respiration. Refrigeration of stored plant parts (tomatoes, apples, bananas, and flowers) reduces respiration rates Refrigeration of stored plant parts (tomatoes, apples, bananas, and flowers) reduces respiration rates

58. Factors Influencing Rates of Respiration 2. Oxygen concentration 2. Oxygen concentration Concentrations of O 2 below 21% result in a decrease in respiration. Concentrations of O 2 below 21% result in a decrease in respiration. Increasing O 2 concentrations above 21% does not result in increased respiration rates. Increasing O 2 concentrations above 21% does not result in increased respiration rates.

59. Factors Influencing Rates of Respiration 3. Soil Conditions 3. Soil Conditions Compacted or water-logged soils reduces aeration. Compacted or water-logged soils reduces aeration. Results in reduced root respiration and poor plant growth Results in reduced root respiration and poor plant growth

60. Factors Influencing Rates of Respiration 4. Light 4. Light Light Intensity and duration affect respiration. Light Intensity and duration affect respiration. Plants grown in low light exhibit reduced respiration rates. Plants grown in low light exhibit reduced respiration rates. Low light reduces photosynthesis. Low light reduces photosynthesis. Decreases the amount of carbohydrates produced and available for respiration. Decreases the amount of carbohydrates produced and available for respiration.

61. Factors that Influence Respiration 1. Temperature 1. Temperature 2. Oxygen Concentration 2. Oxygen Concentration 2. Soil Conditions 2. Soil Conditions 4. Light 4. Light

62. Respiration & Plant Growth Plant Growth depends on products like carbohydrates that result from photosynthesis and also from mitochondrial respiration for energy and tissue building compounds. Plant Growth depends on products like carbohydrates that result from photosynthesis and also from mitochondrial respiration for energy and tissue building compounds.

63. Respiration & Plant Growth Under favorable conditions the corn plant synthesizes (Photosynthesis) about 9 grams of sugar per day. While the average amount respired is two grams per day. The average net gain is 7 grams. Under favorable conditions the corn plant synthesizes (Photosynthesis) about 9 grams of sugar per day. While the average amount respired is two grams per day. The average net gain is 7 grams.

64. Respiration & Plant Growth Therefore the amount made is greater than the amount used and there is a surplus for growth and storage. When the amount made equals the amount used, there is no surplus for growth. Therefore the amount made is greater than the amount used and there is a surplus for growth and storage. When the amount made equals the amount used, there is no surplus for growth.

65. Respiration Review

66. Photosynthesis - Respiration Respiration Occurs in all plants and animals Occurs in all living cells Proceeds in light and darkness Food is used Decreases dry weight Sugar and O 2 are used Produces CO 2 and H 2 O Releases energy ATP produced ATP is used for many reactions

67. Respiration Occurs in both light and darkness Occurs in both light and darkness

68. Respiration - Definition Chemical process by which sugars and starches produced by photosynthesis are converted to energy Chemical process by which sugars and starches produced by photosynthesis are converted to energy

69. Respiration Occurs in all life forms and in the mitochondria organelle of all cells Occurs in all life forms and in the mitochondria organelle of all cells

70. Respiration Consists of three major processes: Consists of three major processes: 1. Glycolysis 1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle 2. Krebs Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain 3. Electron Transport Chain

71. Respiration - Glycolysis Review Occurs in the Cytoplasm of the Cell. Occurs in the Cytoplasm of the Cell. Glucose is broken down to form Pyruvate. Glucose is broken down to form Pyruvate. Two molecules of NADH are made. Two molecules of NADH are made. Two ATP’s are made. Two ATP’s are made. Electrons are delivered to the ETC. Electrons are delivered to the ETC.

72. Respiration - Krebs Cycle Review Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria The Cycle releases Carbon Dioxide. The Cycle releases Carbon Dioxide. NADH & FADH2 deliver their electrons to the ETC. NADH & FADH2 deliver their electrons to the ETC. ATP is generated ATP is generated

73. Respiration - ETC Review The ETC is located in the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane. The ETC is located in the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane. The ETC moves electrons down the chain producing ATP from ADP. The ETC moves electrons down the chain producing ATP from ADP. Releases water Releases water

74. Respiration

75. Factors that Influence Respiration 1. Temperature 1. Temperature 2. Oxygen Concentration 2. Oxygen Concentration 2. Soil Conditions 2. Soil Conditions 4. Light 4. Light

76. Who is this Guy?