1. CELL BIOLOGY

2. CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION Chapter 4

3. CELL (Plasma) MEMBRANE Holds contents inside

4. CELL MEMBRANE Controls what enters and leaves cell

5. FLUID MOSAIC MODEL Image from: http://bio.winona.msus.edu/berg/ILLUST/memb-mod.jpg

6. CELL MEMBRANES are mainly PHOSPHOLIPIDS POLAR HEAD- “hydrophillic” 2 NON-POLAR TAILS- “hydrophobic”

7. Water WATER INSIDE CELL WATER OUTSIDE CELL

8. Cell membranes form because the hydrophobic tails are trying to stay away from water!

9. CELL MEMBRANE Made of PHOSPHOLIPIDS & PROTEINS BILAYER

10. MEMBRANE PROTEINS _______________ stick only on the SURFACE of the membrane PERIPHERAL Can be on inside or outside of cell Image modified from: http://bio.winona.msus.edu/berg/ILLUST/Bil&mem3.jpg

11. MEMBRANE PROTEINS ______________ proteins that stick into the membrane INTEGRAL Can go part way OR all the way through Image modified from: http://bio.winona.msus.edu/berg/ILLUST/Bil&mem3.jpg

12. OTHER MOLECULES in MEMBRANES _____________________ GLYCOPROTEINS Proteins with carbohydrates attached Function in cell recognition Organ donors Foreign invader ID

13. OTHER MOLECULES in MEMBRANES _____________________ STEROIDS Lipids made with carbon rings STRUCTURAL Fit between hydrophobic tails of phospholipids

14. SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE “Semi-permeable” Let’s some kinds of molecules pass through, but keeps others OUT!

15. Passive Transport Moves from an area of greater concentration. to and area of lesser concentration Move “down a concentration gradient”

16. Passive Transport - Osmosis Moves water from area where it is most pure to area where it is less pure Hypotonic Hypertonic Isotonic (Equilibrium)

17. Osmosis Hypertonic = less pure (more solute) Hypotonic = more pure (less solute) Isotonic = equal

18. Passive Transport – Ion Channels Integral proteins form channels that allow substances to pass through

19. Passive Transport – Facilitative Diffusion Proteins “carry” substances across the cell membrane

20. Active transport - endocytosis Movement of large substances into the cell

21. Active Transport - exocytosis Large particles leave the cell

22. CYTOPLASM = cytosol + organelles _________________ small structures with a special function _______________ Fluid portion of the cytoplasm CYTOSOL ORGANELLES

23. CYTOSKELETON = the support system of the cell A.Microtubules B.microfilaments

24. NUCLEUS = the “control center” of the cell

25. NUCLEUS A. Contains genetic material

26. CHROMATIN (DNA & proteins) Thin form of DNA

27. CHROMOSOMES (DNA & proteins) Thick form of DNA

28. NUCLEUS B. Surrounded by a nuclear envelope 1. contains pores for materials to enter and leave the nucleus

29. NUCLEUS C.Contains the nucleolus = area of densely-packed DNA 1. makes ribosomes

30. MITOCHONDRIA = the “powerhouse” of the cell A.Converts glucose into ATP 1. occurs during the process of respiration

31. MITOCHONDRIA 2. Reaction occurs on the inner membrane of the mitochondria known as the cristae Increases surface area for more chemical reactions to happen

32. MITOCHONDRIA B. Contains its own DNA = mtDNA 1. mother is only person to pass mtDNA to offspring

33. -used to identify bodies  Jesse James

34. Ribososmes = make proteins(attach amino acids into long chains) A.Some ribosomes are found floating in the cytoplasm - make proteins for inside the cell B.Some ribosomes are found attached to endoplasmic reticulum - make proteins for outside of cell

35. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) = carries proteins through the cell (highway system)

36. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) A. Has ribosomes attached

37. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) = detoxifies the cell A. Has no ribosomes attached

38. CENTRIOLES = Appear during cell division to pull chromosomes apart

39. CENTRIOLES

40. GOLGI BODY (APPARATUS) = “Packaging centers” of the cell Packages molecules for transport out of cell. Puts proteins into vesicles.

41. All the cell membranes interconnect

42. It’s ALL connected!

43. VACUOLES Storage for enzymes and waste

44. LYSOSOMES = Contain enzymes use to help break down food or break down tissues

45. Peroxisomes = bags of enzymes used to help break down chemicals A. Used to break down hydrogen peroxide in cells

46. Cilia/Flagella= move the cell or move substances past the cell Many short * one or two * long

47. How are Bacteria and Plant Cells Different from Animal Cells?

48. WHICH IS BIGGER? Bacteria Animal Cell Plant cell Small SmallerSmallest

49. 2 KINDS OF CELLS __________________ “No nucleus or membrane bound organelles” They have a cell membrane around outside. No membranes around their DNA NO organelles surrounded by membranes inside EXAMPLE: Bacteria PROKARYOTES

50. BACTERIA No nuclear membrane No membrane bound organelles Cell wall Single loop of DNA Few organelles

51. 2 KINDS OF CELLS _________________ “Nucleus with membrane bound organelles” They have a cell membrane around outside. They have a nuclear membrane around their DNA and organelles surrounded by membranes inside EXAMPLE: Animal & plant cells EUKARYOTES

52. CELL WALL Supports and protects cell Outside of cell membrane Made of cellulose Different than bacteria cell wall

53. Plasmodesmata Connect adjacent plant cells

54. Plasmodesmata

55. Vacuole large Water –filled Provides support for the plant (turgor)

56. Chloroplasts Green pigment Most numerous

57. Chromoplast Additional pigments (red, orange, yellow)

58. Leucoplasts Store starch

59. PLANT CELLS Cell wall Plastids Bigger vacuoles No centrioles

60. 2 KINDS OF ORGANISMS _____________________ Can make their own food Example: __________________ AUTOTROPHS Green Plants

61. 2 KINDS OF ORGANISMS _____________________ Can’t make their own food Get energy by eating other organisms Examples: ________________ HETEROTROPHS Animals & YOU

62. ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF….. ____________ CELLS

63. CELL WALL Supports and protects cell Outside of cell membrane Made of different molecules than plant cell wall

64. CHLOROPLASTS Use energy from sun to make glucose for food

65. CHLOROPLASTS Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane Thylakoid stacks contain enzymes for photosynthesis Contain own DNA

66. VACUOLES Storage for enzymes and waste Vacuoles are much larger in plants

67. NO CENTRIOLES in Plants