1. Attachment as a Relational Construct Beyond Childhood: Parent and Peer Relationship Qualities Linked to Adolescent Security Joseph P. Allen Maryfrances Porter Heather Tencer Farah Williams University of Virginia Other Collaborators: Christy McFarland Andrea Cole Sally Kaufman Penny Marsh Mindy Schmidt Martin Ho Jess Meyer Copies of Today’s Talk & Related Papers are Available at: www.faculty.virginia.edu/allen/pubs.html

2. Theoretical Perspective Move to the Level of Representation: Attachment Security Measured as a Characteristic of the Individual’s State of Mind Overarching Question: How Is a Secure State of Mind Linked to Qualities of Primary Relationships in Adolescence? e.g., Mother-Adolescent Relationship Father-Adolescent Relationship Peer Relationships

3. Friendly Handling of Disagreements De-Idealization Maternal Supportiveness Sensitivity Maternal Security Gender Income Minority Group Membership -. 14 +. 21 *. 42**. 28** -.45*** -.22* Adolescent Security. 81***.18*.38***.36*** -.44***. 18 *.34***. 25***.16+ -.22* Mother-Adolescent Secure-Base One Post-hoc Model of the Prediction of Adolescent Attachment Security RMSEA =.043  2 = 24.22 p >.23 SRCD, 2001:

4. Friendly Handling of Disagreements De-Idealization Maternal Supportiveness Sensitivity Maternal Security Gender Income Minority Group Membership -. 14 +. 21 *. 42**. 28** -.45*** -.22* Adolescent Security. 81***.18*.38***.36*** -.44***. 18 *.34***. 25***.16+ -.22* Mother-Adolescent Secure-Base One Post-hoc Model of the Prediction of Adolescent Attachment Security RMSEA =.043  2 = 24.22 p >.23 Autonomy Facets: SRCD, 2001:

5. Friendly Handling of Disagreements De-Idealization Maternal Supportiveness Sensitivity Maternal Security Gender Income Minority Group Membership -. 14 +. 21 *. 42**. 28** -.45*** -.22* Adolescent Security. 81***.18*.38***.36*** -.44***. 18 *.34***. 25***.16+ -.22* Mother-Adolescent Secure-Base One Post-hoc Model of the Prediction of Adolescent Attachment Security RMSEA =.043  2 = 24.22 p >.23 Relatedness Facets: SRCD, 2001:

6. Friendly Handling of Disagreements De-Idealization Maternal Supportiveness Sensitivity Maternal Security Gender Income Minority Group Membership -. 14 +. 21 *. 42**. 28** -.45*** -.22* Adolescent Security. 81***.18*.38***.36*** -.44***. 18 *.34***. 25***.16+ -.22* Mother-Adolescent Secure-Base One Post-hoc Model of the Prediction of Adolescent Attachment Security RMSEA =.043  2 = 24.22 p >.23 Correspondence between AAI Security and Mother-Adolescent Secure Base Markers:

7. Role of Fathers Extension to Other Samples Exploring Affective and Relational Mechanisms by Which Security is Linked to Social Functioning Longitudinal Studies of Attachment Security Future Directions: Concluding Slide from 2001 SRCD Attachment Paper: Copies of Papers Related to Today’s Talk are available at: www.faculty.virginia.edu/allen/pubs.html

8. Interactions with Fathers Interactions with Peers Interactions with Close Friends Competence in the Larger Peer Group Experience of Peer Pressure How is Adolescent Attachment Security Linked To: Goals Today:

9. Sample 155 Adolescents, their Parents and Best Friends Equal numbers of Males and Females Assessed Annually, Beginning at Age 13 Community-based Sample from a small urban area. Highly Socio-economically Diverse (Median Family Income= $38,000) 31% African American; 69% European American

10. Measures: Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) (George, Kaplan, & Main, 1996) 1-hour semi-structured interview Attachment security: Reflects coherence in discourse about episodic and semantic memories of attachment experiences. Openness to remembering and discussing affectively charged attachment experiences Balance in considering positive and negative aspects of attachment relationships Reliably coded using Kobak et al., (1993) Q-sort technique Interrater reliability =.84; Concordance with Security Classifications = 74%

11. Assessing Dyadic Relatedness While Disagreeing Observational Assessment of Father and Adolescent Discussing a Major Area of Disagreement Relatedness Code (Autonomy & Relatedness Coding System; Allen, Hauser, Bell, McElhaney, Tate, Insabella & Schlatter, 2000). Combination of Paternal & Adolescent Behaviors Promoting the Relationship in Midst of Disagreement: Validation of Other’s Statements Engagement/Active Listening

12. Adolescent Attachment Security as Related to Autonomy & Relatedness with Fathers Adolescent Attachment Security R2R2 Total R 2 Step I. Total Family Income.26*.07* Step II. Autonomy & Relatedness with Father (observed interaction).32**.12**.16** Note:  weights are from variable’s entry into model. Secure teens are better able to establish autonomy while maintaining relationships with their fathers when disagreeing.

13. Assessing Conflict Tactics Conflict Tactics Scale (Straus, 1979) 21-item measure (teen-report) about Father’s Conflict Tactics Two Scales Used: Reasoning Score – Father’s Use of Reasoning in Resolving Conflicts Harsh Physical Punishment Score – Father’s Use of Harsh Physical Punishment

14. Adolescent Attachment Security as Related to Autonomy & Relatedness with Fathers Adolescent Attachment Security R2R2 Total R 2 Step I. Total Family Income.21*.04* Step II. Fathers’ Use of Reasoning in Conflicts.28**.08**.12** Note:  weights are from variable’s entry into model. Secure teens have fathers who use reasoning more often when discussing conflicts.

15. Adolescent Attachment Security as Related to Fathers’ Harsh Physical Punishment Adolescent Attachment Security R2R2 Total R 2 Step I. Total Family Income.20*.04* Step II. Harsh Physical Punishment-.36***.12***.16*** Note:  weights are from variable’s entry into model. Secure teens have fathers who use physical force LESS when discussing conflicts.

16. Adolescent Attachment Security as Related to Fathers’ Harsh Physical Punishment Adolescent Attachment Security R2R2 Total R 2 Step I. Total Family Income.05.07* Step II. Autonomy & Relatedness.09 Father’s Use of Reasoning.32** Harsh Physical Punishment-.36**.25***.32*** Note:  weights are from final model. Multiple R =.60***

17. Attachment & Father-Teen Relationships Attachment security is clearly linked to father-adolescent interactions. Qualities of Autonomy & Relatedness (or lack thereof) are the main predictors. Strong Parallel to Mother-adolescent findings.

18. Supportive Behavior Interaction Task (Crowell, Waters, et al., in press; Julien, Markman et al., 1997) Teen and Partner (either a parent or a peer) discuss a problem with which the teen would like help. Coded for: Instrumental & Emotional support requested and received. Degree of Engagement with other person in the interaction Listener’s Accurate Interpretation of the problem Apparent Teen Satisfaction with Interaction

19. Behavior Partial r Youth call for Emotional Support.17* Peer Provision of Emotional Support.19* Youth Call for Instrumental Support.06 Peer Provision of Instrumental Support.14 Overall Youth Engagement in Task.24** Overall Peer Engagement in Task.23** Peer Interpretation of Teen Problem.16* Youth Satisfaction with Interaction.22** Target Teen Dominance in Interaction.00 Correlations of Attachment Security and Observed Qualities of PEER-Teen Interactions in Supportive Behavior Task (all correlations are partialled for total family income)

20. Behavior Partial r Youth call for Emotional Support.17* Peer Provision of Emotional Support.19* Youth Call for Instrumental Support.06 Peer Provision of Instrumental Support.14 Overall Youth Engagement in Task.24** Overall Peer Engagement in Task.23** Peer Interpretation of Teen Problem.16* Youth Satisfaction with Interaction.22** Target Teen Dominance in Interaction.00 Correlations of Attachment Security and Observed Qualities of PEER-Teen Interactions in Supportive Behavior Task (all correlations are partialled for total family income)

21. Behavior Partial r Youth call for Emotional Support.17* Peer Provision of Emotional Support.19* Youth Call for Instrumental Support.06 Peer Provision of Instrumental Support.14 Overall Youth Engagement in Task.24** Overall Peer Engagement in Task.23** Peer Interpretation of Teen Problem.16* Youth Satisfaction with Interaction.22** Target Teen Dominance in Interaction.00 Correlations of Attachment Security and Observed Qualities of PEER-Teen Interactions in Supportive Behavior Task (all correlations are partialled for total family income)

22. Behavior Partial r PEERS Partial r MOTHERS Youth call for Emotional Support.17*.18* Peer or Maternal Provision of Emotional Support.19*.21* Youth Call for Instrumental Support.06.02 Peer/ Maternal Provision of Instrumental Support.14.21* Overall Youth Engagement in Task.24**.29*** Overall Peer or Maternal Engagement in Task.23**.20* Peer or Maternal Interpretation of Teen Problem.16*.12 Youth Satisfaction with Interaction.22**.25** Target Teen Dominance in Interaction.00 Correlations of Attachment Security and Observed Qualities of PEER & MOTHER-Teen Interactions in Supportive Behavior Task (all correlations are partialled for total family income)

23. Attachment & Supportive Behavior with Peers Quality of support in best-friend relationship is significantly linked to teen’s attachment security Teen-Peer behavior is almost as strongly related to security as Teen-Mother behavior. What happens when we look at less intimate peer relationships?

24. Sociometric Measure of Popularity Name 10 kids with whom you would most like to spend time on a Saturday evening. Popularity score = total # of nominations a target teen received.

25. Attachment Security as Related to Adolescent Popularity with Peers at Age 13 Popularity R2R2 Total R 2 Step I. Total Family Income-.21**.08** Step II. Attachment Security.22**.05**.13*** Note:  weights are from final model. Secure teens are more popular with their peers at age 13.

26. Attachment Security as Related to Adolescent Popularity with Peers at Age 14 Popularity R2R2 Total R 2 Step I. Total Family Income-.20**.08** Step II. Attachment Security.26***.06***.14*** Note:  weights are from final model. Secure teens are more popular with their peers at age 14.

27. Self-reported Quality of Relationships with Peers as Related to Teen Attachment Security Inventory of Parent & Peer Attachment – Rating Overall Peer Relationships R2R2 Total R 2 Step I. Total Family Income-.04.00 Step II. Attachment Security.28**.07** Note:  weights are from final model. Secure teens report better overall relationships with peers.

28. Autonomy with Peers and Attachment Security Theoretically derived from family autonomy and attachment research. How is autonomy manifest with peers? In Handling of Peer Pressure

29. Peer Pressure Experienced by Teen (as reported by Teen’s Best Friend) 5-item measure Uses Harter’s format to reduce social desirability To What Extent is Teen Pressured to Engage in a range of negative behaviors Teasing Physical Aggression Illegal Behavior

30. Attachment Security as Related to Pressure Experienced from Peers at Age 13 Peer Pressure Age 13 (peer report) R2R2 Total R 2 Step I. Total Family Income.12.01 Step II. Attachment Security.00.01 Note:  weights are from final model. No effects related to peer pressure at AGE 13.

31. Attachment Security as Related to Pressure Experienced from Peers at Age 14 Peer Pressure Age 14 (Peer report) R2R2 Total R 2 Step I. Total Family Income-.21*.07** Step II. Attachment Security-.20*.04*.11*** Note:  weights are from final model. Secure teens DO experience less pressure from peers by age 14.

32. Attachment Security as Related to Changing Levels of Pressure Experienced by Peers From Age 13 to Age 14 Peer Pressure Age 14 (peer report) R2R2 Total R 2 Step I. Peer Pressure Age 13 (peer report).12.03+ Step II. Total Family Income-.19*.06**.09** Step II. Attachment Security-.21*.04*.13* Note:  weights are from final model. Insecure teens experience INCREASING pressure from peers over time.

33. Maternal Pressure About Dress & Appearance as Related to Teen Attachment Security Maternal Pressure R2R2 Total R 2 Step I. Total Family Income-.29***.14*** Step II. Attachment Security-.24**.04*.19*** Note:  weights are from final model. Insecure teens also experience more pressure from their MOTHERS.

34. Attachment Security as Predicted by Multiple Markers of Functioning with Peers Adolescent Attachment Security R2R2 Total R 2 Step I. Family Income.18.10*** Step II. Engaged with Peer (Observed).20** Popularity (Peer sociometric) Peer Pressure (Close Peer report).16* -.16+ IPPA Total Attachment Score (self-rep).19* Totals for Step.16***.26*** Peer Relationship Qualities combine additively to predict Security.

35. Lack of Peer Pressure Total Attachment to Peers Engaged Interaction Popularity Family Income -.14+. 41***. 39***. 29*** Adolescent Security.14+ -. 35*** Peer-Adolescent Secure-Base RMSEA =.00  2 = 1.0 p >.98.32***.26***. 72*** Adolescent Attachment Security & PEER Relationships The Peer-Adolescent “Secure-Base”

36. Lack of Peer Pressure Engaged Interaction Popularity Family Income -.14+. 41***. 39***. 29*** Adolescent Security.14+ -.35*** RMSEA =.00  2 = 1.0 p >.98.32***.26*** Autonomy Facet Total Attachment to Peers. 72*** Adolescent Attachment Security & PEER Relationships The Peer-Adolescent “Secure-Base” Peer-Adolescent Secure-Base

37. Lack of Peer Pressure Engaged Interaction Popularity Family Income -.14+. 41***. 39***. 29*** Adolescent Security. 72 *** -. 35*** RMSEA =.00  2 = 1.0 p >.98.32***.26*** Autonomy Facet Relatedness Facets Total Attachment to Peers Peer-Adolescent Secure-Base Adolescent Attachment Security & PEER Relationships The Peer-Adolescent “Secure-Base”

38. Conclusions & Theoretical Speculations Relationships with Peers mark security as well as relationships with parents. The secure teen may be CREATING his/her own secure base across contexts. Parents may no longer be the drivers of security or of relationships.

39. Conclusions & Theoretical Speculations – Future Directions Changing patterns of attachment and parent and peer relationships Develop models to explain the links of: attachment security to behavior in casual social relationships attachment security to critical tasks in psychosocial development in adolescence and beyond (Copies of this paper are available at: www.faculty.virginia.edu/allen/pubs.html)