1. 1. the study of morphemes and their different forms (allomorphs), and the way they combine in WORD FORMATION, e.g unfriendly is formed from friend, the adjective-forming suffix –ly and the negative prefix un-. 2. A morpheme system, e.g. comparing the morphology of English with the morphology of Javanese.

2. Morpheme - the smallest meaningful unit in a language. - A morpheme cannot be divided without altering or destroying its meaning, e.g. the English word find is a morpheme, and if the d is removed, it changes to fin, which has a different meaning. - A grammatical morpheme has grammatical function, e.g. in English the –s in he talks, which shows that the verb is the third-person singular present-tense form.

3. Free and Bound Morphemes - A free morpheme or free form is a form which can be used on its own, e.g. dog, friend, mean. - A bound morpheme or bound form is a morpheme that must be used with another morpheme, e.g. the English suffix –ing must be used with a verb stem: speaking, writing, swimming. - Affixes are bound morphemes that can be added: - a) to the beginning of a word (prefix) - b) to the end of a word (suffix) - c) within a word (infix), e.g –em- in Indonesian jemari

4. Morpheme Boundary = the boundary between two morphemes. In the English word meaningfulness, there is a clear morpheme boundary between meaningful and –ness, and between meaning and –ful, and between mean and –ing. In the adverb doubly (from double + -ly) it is hard to establish the boundary. Does the l go with double, or with –ly, or both?

5. Allomorphs = any of the different forms of a morpheme In English, the plural morpheme is often shown in writing by adding –s to the end of a word, e.g. books /buks/. Sometimes the –s becomes –es, e.g. in glasses. The negative morpheme has several allomorphs, e.g. in impossible, illegal, irregular, disregard, unlike, inaccurate.

6. Morphophonemics = variation in the form of morphemes because of phonetic factors In English, the regular past tense is formed by adding /d/, /t/ or /id/ to the stem of the verb according to the final sound in the stem. beg —> begged /begd/ stop —> stopped /stopt/ want —> wanted /wantid/