1. Short Stories Elements of a Short Story

2. What is a Short Story? A brief, fictional (not true), narrative type of prose that involves conflict, characters, a situation, and a setting that describes the action in the form of a plot. It can usually be read in one sitting. A short story has few characters (usually one or two main characters)

3. Setting The setting of a story is the time and place the story took place. The setting helps develop the plot. A scene is a specific setting for a given event in a story.

4. PLOT A plot is the sequence of events or what happens in the story. The plot consists of five areas: 1.exposition 2. rising action 3. climax 4. falling action 5. resolution

5. Plot: Exposition The exposition is the introduction of the short story. This is the part of the story that describes the background of the characters and the action so the reader can understand the situation.

6. Plot: Rising Action After the exposition is the rising action, which is the part of the story where the tension between opposing characters begins to build and begins working toward the climax.

7. Plot: Climax The climax is the turning point of the story. The climax is usually the point of greatest interest or intensity. The climax is where something happens that will affect the outcome.

8. Plot: Falling Action The falling action is the series of events following the climax. This is where the plot begins to unravel and approaches the resolution.

9. Plot: Resolution The resolution is the last part of the plot. The resolution is the outcome or solution of the story.

11. Conflict The conflict of the story is the struggle between opposing forces. The conflict can be external or internal.

12. Internal Conflict In an internal conflict, a character struggles against his or her own emotions, needs, or desires.

13. External Conflict In an external conflict, a character struggles against an outside force, which may be another character, society, or something in nature.

14. Types of Conflict: #1 Man vs. Man: Two people in conflict Example: Jason vs. Freddy

15. Types of Conflict: #2 Man vs. Himself: inner conflict Example: Beautiful Mind, Fight Club

16. Types of Conflict #3 Man vs. Nature: natural forces, storms, animals Example: The Day After Tomorrow

17. Types of Conflict: #4 Man vs. Fate: Man has no control Example: Odyssey; Final Destination

18. Types of Conflict: #5 Man vs. Society: Against the system or authority Example: John Q

19. Types of Conflict: #6 Man vs. Supernatural: Ghosts, extraterrestrials, etc. Examples: The Ring, Signs, The Blair Witch Project

20. Irony Irony is the contrast between expectations and reality. There are three types of irony: 1.Verbal irony 2.Situational irony 3.Dramatic irony

21. Verbal Irony Verbal Irony is when a speaker says one thing but means the opposite.

22. Situational Irony Situational irony is when what actually happens is the opposite of what is expected or appropriate.

23. Dramatic Irony Dramatic irony occurs when the reader or audience knows something important that a character does not know.

24. Characters Each short story has characters. A character is a fictional personality created by the author. A character always has human traits, even if the character is an animal.

25. Protagonist A protagonist is the character we focus our attention on, the person who sets the plot in motion. The protagonist is the main character. Most protagonists are rounded, dynamic characters who change in some way by the end of the story. The protagonist is often, but not always, the hero in the story.

26. Antagonist An antagonist is the character or force that blocks the protagonist. The antagonist is often, but not always, the villain in the story. The antagonist is the person trying to prevent the protagonist from being successful.

27. Types of Characters Characters can be described as one of the following types: 1.Static 2.Dynamic 3.Flat 4.Round

28. Static Character A static character does not change much during the story. Example: Smokey on “Friday”

29. Dynamic Character A dynamic character changes in some important ways as a result of the story’s action. Example: Marlin (dad) in Finding Nemo

30. Flat Character A flat character has only one or two personality traits and can be summed up in a single phrase. Examples: Will’s Aunt in the “Fresh Prince of Bel-Air” and Mr. Burns in “The Simpsons”

31. Round Character A round character is complex and has many different traits. Example: Will Smith on “The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air”

32. Direct Characterization The first method (#1) is called direct characterization. The writer tells us directly what the character is like.

33. Indirect Characterization The other 5 methods (#2-6) are indirect characterization. The reader has to put clues together to figure out what a character is like, just as we do in real life when we are getting to know someone.

34. MODES OF INDIRECT CHARACTERIZATION 1. describing how the character looks or dresses. 2. letting us hear the character speak 3. letting us listen to the character’s inner thoughts and feelings 4. revealing what other people think or say about the character 5. showing the character’s action

35. Point of View The point of view is the vantage point from which the writer (narrator) tells the story; through whose eyes the story is told. The three types of point of view are: 1.Third person omniscient 2.third person limited (he, she, they) 3.first person (I)

36. Third Person Omniscient Point of View The “all knowing.” With this point of view, the narrator does not play a part in the story, but can tell the readers what all the characters are thinking, feeling, and what is happening in other areas.

37. Third Person Limited Point of View Third person limited is when the story is seen through the eyes of only one character and this character is an outside narrator.

38. First Person Point of View Is when the narrator, using the first- person pronoun “I,” is a character in the story. When we read in first person, we hear and see only what the narrator hears and sees.

39. Tone As the details are woven together, the author’s word choice and details indicates the tone.

40. Tone Authors have a wide selection of tone. For example, an author can be amused, disgusted, shocked, teasing, outraged, happy, etc. One tone the author may choose to utilize is irony.

41. Theme One of the chief aspects of any story is the theme, or the main idea, which inspired the story. The theme of the story is often the message about life that the author is trying to convey. The theme is the moral of the story.

42. Theme Two of the most important clues to consider when determining the theme are the way the main character has changed and the way the conflict has been resolved.

43. Imagery Imagery refers to the type of language used that appeals to the senses. Imagery will appeal to the sense of sight, smell, sound, touch, or taste. For example, the language allows the reader to see what the character is seeing.

44. Symbol A symbol is a person, place, thing, or event that represents an abstract idea. For example, a heart symbolizes love and a flag symbolizes patriotism.

45. Foreshadowing Foreshadowing is a suggestion, by the author, of events to come later on in the story.

46. Dialogue Dialogue is a conversation between two or more characters.

47. Title The title of the story should trigger some definite thoughts or pictures in your mind about what the story may be about. Examples: “The Cop & The Bottle”: drunk driving “The Stage & The Pole”: stripping, but really about the death of Lincoln.